1.6 Million metric tons of spent carbon electrodes modify carbon-rich solid wastes from aluminum electrolysis are produced annually, threatening ecosystems by cyanide and fluoride pollution. Here, we review carbon-rich solid wastes with focus on sources and hazards, detoxification, separation, recovery, recycling and disposal. Treatment techniques include roasting, calcination, vacuum distillation, flotation, water leaching, acid leaching, alkali leaching, complexation leaching, and alkali fusion. Waste can be disposed of alone or in combination with other waste such as cooper slag, sludge, red mud, and coal gangue. Recovery of fluorides and applications of recycled carbon are presented. Fluoride and carbon materials are separated based on differences in hydrophobicity, volatility, flammability, acidity, and alkalinity. The fluorides prepared from the solution are mainly aluminum hydroxyfluoride hydrate and cryolite.

铝电解过程中每年产生 160 万吨废碳电极改性的富碳固体废物，氰化物和氟化物污染威胁着生态系统。在这里，我们回顾了富碳固体废物，重点关注来源和危害、解毒、分离、回收、再循环和处置。处理技术包括焙烧、煅烧、减压蒸馏、浮选、水浸、酸浸、碱浸、络合浸出、碱熔等。废物可单独处置，也可与铜渣、污泥、赤泥、煤矸石等其他废物混合处置。介绍了氟化物的回收和再生碳的应用。氟化物和碳材料根据疏水性、挥发性、可燃性、酸性和碱性的差异进行分离。该溶液制备的氟化物主要是羟基氟化铝水合物和冰晶石。