Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) that have a positive–intrinsic–negative (p–i–n, or often referred to as inverted) structure are becoming increasingly attractive for commercialization owing to their rapid increase in power conversion efficiency, easily scalable fabrication, reliable operation and compatibility with various perovskite-based tandem device configurations. Here, we review key material and device considerations for making highly efficient and stable p–i–n PSCs. First, we summarize key advances in charge transport materials, which were critical to the rapid power conversion efficiency progress. Second, we discuss promising perovskite compositions and fabrication methods. We highlight various additive engineering approaches to improve the perovskite layer as well as interface engineering strategies that target either the buried or top perovskite surface layer. Third, we review progress in tandem devices, focusing on optimization of the interconnection layer. Next, we summarize the status and strategies for improving p–i–n PSC stability, especially considering the challenges of outdoor applications. We also provide prospects for future research directions and challenges.

具有正-本征-负（p-i-n，或通常称为倒置）结构的钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）由于其功率转换效率快速提高、易于扩展制造、可靠，对商业化越来越有吸引力与各种基于钙钛矿的串联器件配置的操作和兼容性。在这里，我们回顾了制造高效且稳定的 p-i-n PSC 的关键材料和器件注意事项。首先，我们总结了电荷传输材料的关键进展，这对于电力转换效率的快速进步至关重要。其次，我们讨论有前景的钙钛矿成分和制造方法。我们重点介绍了改善钙钛矿层的各种增材工程方法以及针对埋层或顶部钙钛矿表面层的界面工程策略。第三，我们回顾了串联器件的进展，重点关注互连层的优化。接下来，我们总结了提高 p-i-n PSC 稳定性的现状和策略，特别是考虑到户外应用的挑战。我们还对未来的研究方向和挑战进行了展望。