Overuse of phosphorus (P) fertilizer in crop cultivation accelerates the consistent increase in soil P accumulation and increases the risk of P leaching from the agricultural system. The long-term implications of balanced P management on soil P availability and crop P uptake are still unknown. A three-year field experiment with six different P rates was conducted to determine the effect of a balanced P application strategy on crop yield, P uptake, soil P accumulation, and P transformation in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system. The results found that the yield and P uptake of summer maize and wheat increased linearly with P fertilization up to 12.5 kg P ha, after which they stabilized, and the critical threshold is 50 kg P ha for winter wheat. The soil P budget under agronomic thresholds from 2017 to 2020 was observed as –2.99 to –11.04 kg P ha for maize but 15.1–24.5 kg P ha for wheat. Excessive P fertilization accelerated the downward movement of soil P and stocked it in the deep soil in the form of soil labile P and moderately labile P, increasing the risk of soil P leaching. The annual application of 600 kg ha P fertilizer substantially increased the total P concentration by 30%–99% from deep soil to topsoil compared to the no P treatment, while the 75 kg ha and 150 kg ha P fertilizer treatments did not affect soil P accumulation along the soil profile. Soil Olsen-P concentration to meet crop yield requirements is still far from meeting the critical environmental threshold of 47.6 mg kg and increased slightly by an annual 2.39 mg kg under the balanced P fertilization strategy. An annual negative soil P budget of 3–11 kg ha for summer maize could sustain optimal yields and P use efficiency. Winter wheat cultivation required additional P application to reach the agronomic threshold, set at 15–25 kg ha annually. In conclusion, balanced P fertilization can reduce soil P surplus and subsoil P stock while maintaining crop yields.

中文翻译：

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集约化冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统高产磷肥管理：整合磷收支和土壤有效磷


作物种植中过量使用磷肥会加速土壤磷积累的持续增加，并增加农业系统中磷淋失的风险。平衡磷管理对土壤磷有效性和作物磷吸收的长期影响仍不清楚。通过六种不同施磷量的三年田间试验，确定了冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中平衡施磷策略对作物产量、磷吸收、土壤磷积累和磷转化的影响。结果发现，夏玉米和小麦的产量和吸磷量随着施磷量的增加呈线性增加，施磷量达到12.5kgP ha后趋于稳定，冬小麦的临界阈值是50kgP ha。 2017年至2020年农艺阈值下的土壤磷收支，玉米为–2.99至–11.04kgP ha，小麦为15.1–24.5kgP ha。过量施磷加速了土壤磷的向下运动，以土壤活性磷和中活性磷的形式储存在深层土壤中，增加了土壤磷淋失的风险。年施用600kgha磷肥处理较不施磷处理显着提高了从深层土壤到表土的总磷浓度30%~99%，而75kgha和150kgha磷肥处理对土壤磷没有影响。沿土壤剖面的积累。满足作物产量需求的土壤Olsen-P浓度仍远未达到47.6mgkg的临界环境阈值，并且在平衡施磷策略下每年略有增加2.39mgkg。夏玉米每年 3-11 千克公顷的负土壤磷预算可以维持最佳产量和磷利用效率。 冬小麦种植需要额外施磷才能达到每年 15-25 公斤公顷的农艺阈值。总之，平衡施磷可以在保持作物产量的同时减少土壤磷剩余和地下磷储量。