BackgroundThis study sought to determine whether cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS, formerly sluggish cognitive tempo) has different external correlates relative to ADHD‐inattentive presentation (INP), ADHD‐hyperactive/impulsive presentation (HIP), and ADHD‐combined presentation (CP).MethodsParents of a nationally representative sample of 5,525 Spanish youth (ages: 5–16, 56.1% boys) completed measures of CDS, ADHD‐inattention (IN), and ADHD‐hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) and other measures. Scores greater/less than the top 5% on CDS, ADHD‐IN, and ADHD‐HI were used to create control (n = 5,013, 90.73%), CDS‐only (n = 131, 2.37%), ADHD‐INP‐only (n = 83, 1.50%), ADHD‐HIP‐only (n = 113, 2.05%), ADHD‐CP‐only (n = 48, 0.97%), CDS + ADHD‐INP (n = 44, 0.80%), CDS + ADHD‐HIP (n = 25, 0.45%), and CDS + ADHD‐CP (n = 68, 1.23%) groups.ResultsForty‐nine percent of youth with clinically elevated CDS did not qualify for any ADHD presentation, whereas 64% of youth with clinically elevated ADHD did not qualify for CDS. The CDS‐only group was higher than the ADHD‐INP‐only, ADHD‐HIP‐only, and ADHD‐CP‐only groups on anxiety, depression, somatization, daytime sleep‐related impairment, nighttime sleep disturbance, and peer withdrawal, whereas the CDS‐only and ADHD‐INP‐only groups did not differ on ODD (ADHD‐HIP‐only and ADHD‐CP‐only higher) and academic impairment (ADHD‐CP‐only higher than CDS‐only and ADHD‐HIP‐only lower than CDS‐only). The CDS‐only group also had higher rates of anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder diagnoses than the ADHD‐only group.ConclusionsA distinction was found between CDS and each ADHD presentation, thus providing support for CDS as a syndrome that frequently co‐occurs with yet is distinct from each ADHD presentation.

中文翻译：

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西班牙儿童和青少年全国代表性样本中认知脱离综合征和多动症表现的临床区别


背景本研究旨在确定认知脱离综合征（CDS，以前的认知节奏缓慢）与 ADHD 注意力不集中表现（INP）、ADHD 多动/冲动表现（HIP）和 ADHD 组合表现（CP）是否具有不同的外部相关性。方法 5,525 名具有全国代表性的西班牙青少年（年龄：5-16 岁，56.1% 是男孩）的父母完成了 CDS、ADHD 注意力不集中 (IN) 和 ADHD 多动/冲动 (HI) 和其他测量。 CDS、ADHD-IN 和 ADHD-HI 的得分高于/低于前 5% 用于创建对照（ n = 5,013, 90.73%)，仅 CDS ( n = 131, 2.37%），仅 ADHD-INP（ n = 83, 1.50%), 仅 ADHD-HIP ( n = 113, 2.05%)，仅 ADHD-CP（ n = 48, 0.97%), CDS + ADHD-INP ( n = 44, 0.80%), CDS + ADHD-HIP ( n = 25, 0.45%), 以及 CDS + ADHD-CP ( n = 68, 1.23%) 组。结果 49% 患有临床升高的 CDS 的青少年不符合任何 ADHD 表现，而 64% 患有临床升高的 ADHD 的青少年不符合 CDS。单纯 CDS 组在焦虑、抑郁、躯体化、日间睡眠相关障碍、夜间睡眠障碍和同伴退缩方面高于单纯 ADHD-INP、单纯 ADHD-HIP 和单纯 ADHD-CP 组，而仅 CDS 组和仅 ADHD-INP 组在 ODD（仅 ADHD-HIP 和仅 ADHD-CP 较高）和学业障碍（仅 ADHD-CP 高于仅 CDS 和 ADHD-HIP 组）上没有差异低于仅 CDS）。单纯 CDS 组的焦虑、抑郁和双相情感障碍诊断率也高于单纯 ADHD 组。结论 CDS 和每种 ADHD 表现之间存在区别，从而支持 CDS 作为一种经常与每种 ADHD 表现同时发生但又不同的综合征。