The Internet of vehicles (IoV) is an essential part of modern intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In the ITS, intelligent connected vehicle can access a variety of latency-sensitive cloud services through the vulnerable wireless communication channel, which could lead to security and privacy issues. To prevent access by malicious nodes, a large number of authentication schemes have been proposed. However, with the diversification of cloud services and the rapid development of quantum computing, there are many drawbacks remain, including timeliness of authentication and resisting quantum computing. In light of this, we propose a lattice-based secure and efficient multi-cloud authentication and key agreement scheme for quantum key distribution (QKD) enabled IoV. Its features are as follows: i) : We combine the lattice-based lightweight signatures and quantum authentication keys to guarantee security-enhanced authentication. Meanwhile, we propose the quantum security service cloud (QSC) to manage the authentication of all vehicles and cloud server providers (CSPs) to reduce the authentication rounds and improve efficiency. ii) : In wireless networks, quantum key agreement is achieved through the pre-filled quantum keys. In wired networks, quantum key is accomplished by QKD with Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) protocol. Furthermore, formal and informal security demonstrates that the scheme could resist potential security attacks. The performance comparison illustrates that our scheme could decrease the computational overhead by 27.23%-81.78% and authentication rounds by 81.34%-93.10%.

中文翻译：

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多云环境下量子密钥分发（QKD）车联网的安全增强认证方案


车联网（IoV）是现代智能交通系统（ITS）的重要组成部分。在智能交通系统中，智能网联汽车可以通过脆弱的无线通信通道访问各种延迟敏感的云服务，这可能会导致安全和隐私问题。为了防止恶意节点的访问，人们提出了大量的认证方案。然而，随着云服务的多样化和量子计算的快速发展，仍然存在许多弊端，包括身份验证的及时性和抵抗量子计算等。鉴于此，我们提出了一种基于格的安全高效的多云身份验证和密钥协商方案，用于支持量子密钥分发（QKD）的车联网。其特点如下： i) ：我们结合基于格的轻量级签名和量子认证密钥来保证安全增强的认证。同时，我们提出量子安全服务云（QSC）来管理所有车辆和云服务器提供商（CSP）的身份验证，以减少身份验证轮次并提高效率。 ii) ：在无线网络中，量子密钥协商是通过预先填充的量子密钥来实现的。在有线网络中，量子密钥是通过使用 Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) 协议的 QKD 来完成的。此外，正式和非正式的安全性表明该方案可以抵御潜在的安全攻击。性能比较表明，我们的方案可以减少计算开销 27.23%-81.78%，认证轮次减少 81.34%-93.10%。