AimTo investigate the association between periodontal macrophage polarization states and the alveolar bone levels, and to assess whether glycosylated nano‐hydroxyapatites (GHANPs) could improve bone regeneration in periodontitis by inducing macrophage M2 polarization.Materials and MethodsThe change of macrophage polarization state in inflammatory periodontal tissues (with bone loss) was examined using clinical gingival samples. The relationship between macrophage phenotype and bone level in periodontal bone loss and repair was evaluated using a mouse periodontitis model. The effect of GHANPs on macrophage polarization was assessed by the in vitro model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated inflammation. The polarization‐related markers were detected by immunofluorescence staining, real‐time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay analysis. The therapeutic effect of GHANPs on alveolar bone loss was explored in experimental periodontitis by histological staining and micro‐CT analysis.ResultsA lower macrophage M2/M1 ratio was observed in periodontitis‐affected human gingival tissues. The results of animal experiments demonstrated a positive correlation between a lower Arg‐1/iNOS ratio and accelerated alveolar bone loss; also, the proportion of Arg‐1‐positive macrophages increased during bone repair and regeneration. The administration of GHANPs partially restored M2 macrophage polarization after LPS stimulation. GHANPs increased alveolar bone repair and regeneration in experimental periodontitis induced by ligation, potentially related to their macrophage M2 transition regulation.ConclusionsThe findings of this study indicate that the induction of macrophage M2 polarization can be considered a viable approach for enhancing inflammatory bone repair. Additionally, GHANPs show potential in the clinical treatment of periodontitis.

中文翻译：

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糖基化纳米羟基磷灰石诱导的极化 M2 巨噬细胞在牙周炎治疗中激活骨再生


目的探讨牙周巨噬细胞极化状态与牙槽骨水平的关系，并评估糖基化纳米羟基磷灰石（GHAPs）是否可以通过诱导巨噬细胞M2极化来改善牙周炎骨再生。材料与方法炎症性牙周组织中巨噬细胞极化状态的变化（骨质流失）使用临床牙龈样本进行检查。使用小鼠牙周炎模型评估牙周骨丢失和修复中巨噬细胞表型与骨水平之间的关系。通过脂多糖（LPS）刺激炎症的体外模型评估了 GHNP 对巨噬细胞极化的影响。通过免疫荧光染色、实时聚合酶链反应和酶联免疫吸附分析检测偏振相关标记。通过组织学染色和显微 CT 分析，探讨 GHAP 对实验性牙周炎牙槽骨丢失的治疗作用。结果在受牙周炎影响的人类牙龈组织中观察到较低的巨噬细胞 M2/M1 比率。动物实验结果表明，Arg-1/iNOS 比率较低与牙槽骨流失加速呈正相关；此外，在骨修复和再生过程中，Arg-1 阳性巨噬细胞的比例增加。 LPS 刺激后，给予 GHNP 部分恢复了 M2 巨噬细胞极化。 GHNPs 增加了结扎诱导的实验性牙周炎中的牙槽骨修复和再生，可能与其巨噬细胞 M2 转变调节有关。结论本研究的结果表明，诱导巨噬细胞 M2 极化可被认为是增强炎症骨修复的可行方法。 此外，GHNPs 在牙周炎的临床治疗中显示出潜力。