Forests, which harbor most of Earth's terrestrial biodiversity, have been and continue to be impacted by significant threats from human activities. Improving biodiversity conservation outcomes requires proactive and effective management actions to address the increasing risks, rather than merely maintaining forest cover. However, few studies have explored how to spatially inform diversified management actions by incorporating risk information into forest protection and restoration planning. Here, we propose an integrated framework for planning forest protection and restoration that integrates landscape resilience and habitat risk assessment, aiming to identify priority areas for diversified management actions, including active protection (AP), passive protection (PP), active restoration (AR), and passive restoration (PR). This framework consists of three key steps: i) evaluating landscape resilience based on forest amount and functional connectivity, ii) assessing habitat risk using the InVEST model, and iii) identifying priority areas and corresponding management actions by spatial overlap analysis between landscape resilience and habitat risk. Using the central region of the Wuhan Metropolitan Area as a case study, we divided it into 3307 planning units, referred to as Focal Landscapes (FLs). The results indicate that there are 636 FLs in the AP zone, 498 in the PP zone, 508 in the AR zone, and 13 in the PR zone. This research demonstrates how effectively integrating risk considerations can enhance the planning process and outcomes. This study also underscores the potential to improve the outcome and cost-effectiveness of biodiversity conservation through the formulation of differentiated management actions and comprehensive planning for protection and restoration.

中文翻译：

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将栖息地风险和景观复原力纳入森林保护和生物多样性保护恢复规划


森林蕴藏着地球上大部分陆地生物多样性，已经并将继续受到人类活动重大威胁的影响。改善生物多样性保护成果需要采取积极有效的管理行动来应对日益增加的风险，而不仅仅是维持森林覆盖。然而，很少有研究探讨如何通过将风险信息纳入森林保护和恢复规划来在空间上为多样化的管理行动提供信息。在这里，我们提出了一个整合景观恢复力和栖息地风险评估的森林保护和恢复规划综合框架，旨在确定多元化管理行动的优先领域，包括主动保护（AP）、被动保护（PP）、主动恢复（AR） ，和被动恢复（PR）。该框架由三个关键步骤组成：i) 根据森林数量和功能连通性评估景观复原力，ii) 使用 InVEST 模型评估栖息地风险，以及 iii) 通过景观复原力和栖息地之间的空间重叠分析确定优先区域和相应的管理行动风险。以武汉都市区中心区为例，将其划分为3307个规划单元，称为焦点景观（FL）。结果表明，AP 区有 636 个 FL，PP 区有 498 个，AR 区有 508 个，PR 区有 13 个。这项研究展示了如何有效地整合风险考虑因素来增强规划过程和结果。本研究还强调了通过制定差异化的管理行动和全面的保护和恢复规划来提高生物多样性保护的成果和成本效益的潜力。