The preparation/application of heterogeneous (nano)materials from natural resources has currently become increasingly fascinating for researchers. Cellulose is the most abundant renewable polysaccharide on earth. The unique physicochemical, structural, biological, and environmental properties of this natural biopolymer have led to its increased application in many fields. The more desirable features of cellulose-based (nano)materials such as biodegradability, renewability, biocompatibility, cost-effectiveness, simplicity of preparation, environmentally friendly nature, and widespread range of applications have converted them into promising compounds in medicine, catalysis, biofuel cells, and water/wastewater treatment processes. Functionalized cellulose-based (nano)materials containing sulfonic acid groups may prove to be one of the most promising sustainable bio(nano)materials of modern times in the field of cellulose science and (nano)technology owing to their intrinsic features, high crystallinity, high specific surface area, abundance, reactivity, and recyclability. In this review, the developments in the application of sulfonated cellulose-based (nano)materials containing sulfonic acid (-SOH) groups in catalysis, water purification, biological/biomedical, environmental, and fuel cell applications have been reported. This review provides an overview of the methods used to chemically modify cellulose and/or cellulose derivatives in different forms, including nanocrystals, hydrogels, films/membranes, and (nano)composites/blends by introducing sulfonate groups on the cellulose backbone, focusing on diverse sulfonating agents utilized and substitution regioselectivity, and highlights their potential applications in different industries for the generation of alternative energies and products.

中文翻译：

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磺酸功能化纤维素基（纳米）材料的合成与应用


目前，研究人员对利用自然资源制备/应用异质（纳米）材料越来越感兴趣。纤维素是地球上最丰富的可再生多糖。这种天然生物聚合物独特的物理化学、结构、生物和环境特性导致其在许多领域的应用不断增加。纤维素基（纳米）材料具有生物降解性、可再生性、生物相容性、成本效益、制备简单、环境友好性和广泛应用等更理想的特性，使其成为医药、催化、生物燃料电池等领域有前景的化合物，以及水/废水处理过程。含有磺酸基团的功能化纤维素基（纳米）材料由于其固有特征、高结晶度、高比表面积、丰度、反应活性和可回收性。在这篇综述中，报道了含有磺酸（-SOH）基团的磺化纤维素基（纳米）材料在催化、水净化、生物/生物医学、环境和燃料电池应用中的应用进展。 本综述概述了通过在纤维素主链上引入磺酸盐基团对不同形式的纤维素和/或纤维素衍生物进行化学改性的方法，包括纳米晶体、水凝胶、薄膜/膜和（纳米）复合材料/共混物，重点关注各种磺化剂的利用和替代区域选择性，并强调了它们在不同行业中用于生成替代能源和产品的潜在应用。