Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) have emerged as an effective technology for treating domestic and industrial wastewater. However, AnMBRs typically exhibit low membrane fluxes (<10 L/m².h), which limits their wide application. Despite the use of various techniques to control membrane fouling, the relationships among these techniques and the challenges associated with their application remain unclear. Current literature categorizes membrane fouling control approaches into four classes, namely a reduction in the concentration of soluble microbial products (SMP), an increase in shear, an increase in particle size, and membrane optimization. Biological techniques are effective in reducing the concentration of SMP but limit the flexibility of reactor operation. The remaining three methods are non-biological techniques. Shear-induced lift force, permeation drag force, and the xDLVO theory on microparticles can be used to elucidate the mechanisms of these non-biological techniques, except for dynamic membranes. This indicates that other proposed additional forces may be disregarded. Non-biological techniques are associated with high energy costs and membrane damage. Hydrophilic membranes are effective but super-hydrophilic membranes have not been used in AnMBRs. Different materials rather than the membrane should be applied to create an electronic field for membrane fouling control. The application of dynamic membrane should not result in biofouling of a downstream water treatment process. Among current techniques, dosing flocculant is the most promising method for controlling membrane fouling, but developing an auto-flocculant dosing strategy is vital. Overall, this article provides an overview of current membrane fouling strategies and reveals their inherent relationships and challenges for their applications.

中文翻译：

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厌氧膜生物反应器膜污染有效控制的途径与挑战


厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）已成为处理生活和工业废水的有效技术。然而，AnMBR 通常表现出较低的膜通量（<10 L/m ² .h），这限制了其广泛应用。尽管使用了各种技术来控制膜污染，但这些技术之间的关系以及与其应用相关的挑战仍不清楚。目前的文献将膜污染控制方法分为四类，即降低可溶性微生物产物（SMP）的浓度、增加剪切力、增加颗粒尺寸和膜优化。生物技术可以有效降低SMP的浓度，但限制了反应器操作的灵活性。其余三种方法是非生物技术。剪切引起的升力、渗透阻力和微粒的 xDLVO 理论可用于阐明这些非生物技术（动态膜除外）的机制。这表明其他提议的额外力量可以被忽略。非生物技术与高能源成本和膜损伤有关。亲水膜是有效的，但超亲水膜尚未在 AnMBR 中使用。应使用不同的材料而不是膜来创建用于膜污染控制的电场。动态膜的应用不应导致下游水处理过程中的生物污染。在现有技术中，投加絮凝剂是控制膜污染最有前途的方法，但开发自动絮凝剂投加策略至关重要。 总的来说，本文概述了当前的膜污染策略，并揭示了它们的内在关系和应用面临的挑战。