We developed the X-ray, gamma-ray, and relativistic electron detector (XGRE) onboard the Tool for the Analysis of RAdiation from lightNIngs and Sprites (TARANIS) satellite, to investigate high-energy phenomena associated with lightning discharges such as terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and terrestrial electron beams. XGRE consisted of three sensors. Each sensor has one layer of LaBr3 crystals for X-ray/gamma-ray detections and two layers of plastic scintillators for electron and charged-particle discrimination. Since 2018, the flight model of XGRE was developed, and validation and calibration tests, such as a thermal cycle test and a calibration test with the sensors onboard the satellite, were performed before the launch of TARANIS on 17 November 2020. The energy range of the LaBr3 crystals sensitive to X-rays and gamma rays was determined to be 0.04 to 11.6 MeV, 0.08 to 11.0 MeV, and 0.08 to 11.3 MeV for XGRE1, 2, and 3, respectively. The energy resolution at 0.662 MeV (full width at half maximum) was 20.5%, 25.9%, and 28.6%, respectively. The results from the calibration test were then used to validate a simulation model of XGRE and TARANIS. By performing Monte Carlo simulations with the verified model, we calculated effective areas of XGRE to X-rays, gamma rays, electrons, and detector responses to incident photons and electrons coming from various elevation and azimuth angles.

中文翻译：

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TARANIS 上的 X 射线、伽马射线和相对论电子探测器的地面校准

我们在闪电和精灵辐射分析工具 (TARANIS) 卫星上开发了 X 射线、伽马射线和相对论电子探测器 (XGRE)，以研究与闪电放电相关的高能现象，例如地面伽马射线射线闪光和地面电子束。 XGRE 由三个传感器组成。每个传感器都有一层用于 X 射线/伽马射线检测的 LaBr3 晶体和两层用于电子和带电粒子识别的塑料闪烁体。自2018年起，开发了XGRE的飞行模型，并在2020年11月17日TARANIS发射前进行了热循环测试和星载传感器校准测试等验证和校准测试。 XGRE1、2 和 3 的 LaBr3 晶体对 X 射线和伽马射线敏感的值分别为 0.04 至 11.6 MeV、0.08 至 11.0 MeV 和 0.08 至 11.3 MeV。 0.662 MeV（半峰全宽）处的能量分辨率分别为20.5%、25.9%和28.6%。校准测试的结果随后用于验证 XGRE 和 TARANIS 的仿真模型。通过使用经过验证的模型进行蒙特卡罗模拟，我们计算了 XGRE 对 X 射线、伽马射线、电子的有效面积，以及探测器对来自不同仰角和方位角的入射光子和电子的响应。