Background

The interplay of physical activity (PA) with affective well-being (AWB) is highly critical to both health behaviors and health outcomes. Current prominent theories presume AWB to be crucial for PA maintenance, and PA is evidenced to foster mental health. However, thus far, PA-AWB associations have mainly been researched in laboratory settings and with interventional designs, but the everyday life perspective had not been focused on, mostly due to technological limitations. In the course of digitization, the number of studies using device-based methods to research the within-subject association of physical activity and affective well-being (PA-AWB) under ecological valid conditions increased rapidly, but a recent comprehensive systematic review of evidence across populations, age groups, and distinct AWB components remained inconclusive.

Objectives

Therefore, we aimed to firstly review daily-life studies that assessed intensive longitudinal device-based (e.g., electronic smartphone diaries and accelerometry) and real-time PA-AWB data, secondly to develop and apply a quality assessment tool applicable to those studies, and thirdly to discuss findings and draw implications for research and practice.

Methods

To this end, the literature was searched in three databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus) up to November 2022. The systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines and had been pre-registered (PROSPERO id: CRD42021277327). A modified quality assessment tool was developed to illustrate the risk of bias of included studies.

Results

The review of findings showed that, in general, already short PA bouts in everyday life, which clearly differ from structured exercise sessions, are positively associated with AWB. In particular, feelings of energy relate to incidental (non-exercise and unstructured) activity, and PA-AWB associations depend on population characteristics. The quality assessment revealed overall moderate study quality; however, the methods applied were largely heterogeneous between investigations. Overall, the reviewed evidence on PA-AWB associations in everyday life is ambiguous; for example, no clear patterns of directions and strengths of PA-AWB relationships depending on PA and AWB components (such as intensity, emotions, affect, mood) emerged.

Conclusions

The reviewed evidence can fuel discussions on whether the World Health Organization’s notion “every move counts” may be extended to everyday life AWB. Concurrently, the PA-AWB relationship findings endorse prominent theories highlighting the critical role of AWB in everyday PA engagement and maintenance. However, the review also clearly highlights the need to advance and harmonize methodological approaches for more fine-grained investigations on which specific PA/AWB characteristics, contextual factors, and biological determinants underly PA-AWB associations in everyday life. This will enable the field to tackle pressing challenges such as the issue of causality of PA-AWB associations, which will help to shape and refine existing theories to ultimately predict and improve health behavior, thereby feeding into precision medicine approaches.

中文翻译：

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日常生活中身体行为与情感幸福的受试者内部关联：系统文献综述

背景

身体活动 (PA) 与情感健康 (AWB) 的相互作用对于健康行为和健康结果都非常重要。当前的主流理论认为 AWB 对于维持 PA 至关重要，并且 PA 被证明可以促进心理健康。然而，到目前为止，PA-AWB 关联主要在实验室环境和介入设计中进行研究，但由于技术限制，日常生活视角尚未得到关注。在数字化过程中，使用基于设备的方法研究生态有效条件下身体活动与情感幸福的受试者内关联（PA-AWB）的研究数量迅速增加，但最近对证据的全面系统回顾不同人群、年龄组和不同 AWB 组成部分的差异仍无定论。

目标

因此，我们的目的是首先回顾评估基于密集纵向设备（例如电子智能手机日记和加速度测量）和实时 PA-AWB 数据的日常生活研究，其次开发和应用适用于这些研究的质量评估工具，第三，讨论研究结果并得出对研究和实践的影响。

方法

为此，在三个数据库（Web of Science、PubMed、Scopus）中检索了截至2022年11月的文献。系统评价遵循PRISMA指南，并已预先注册（PROSPERO id：CRD42021277327）。开发了改进的质量评估工具来说明纳入研究的偏倚风险。

结果

对调查结果的审查表明，一般来说，日常生活中已经很短的 PA 周期（明显不同于结构化锻炼）与 AWB 呈正相关。特别是，能量感与偶然（非运动和非结构化）活动有关，而 PA-AWB 关联取决于人群特征。质量评估显示总体研究质量中等；然而，不同调查所采用的方法在很大程度上是不同的。总体而言，关于日常生活中 PA-AWB 关联的审查证据是不明确的；例如，没有出现取决于 PA 和 AWB 组成部分（例如强度、情绪、影响、心情）的 PA-AWB 关系的方向和强度的明确模式。

结论

审查的证据可以推动关于世界卫生组织“每一步都很重要”的概念是否可以扩展到日常生活 AWB 的讨论。同时，PA-AWB 关系研究结果支持了突出的理论，强调了 AWB 在日常 PA 参与和维护中的关键作用。然而，该审查还明确强调需要推进和协调方法学方法，以对日常生活中 PA-AWB 关联的具体 PA/AWB 特征、背景因素和生物决定因素进行更细粒度的调查。这将使该领域能够应对紧迫的挑战，例如 PA-AWB 关联的因果关系问题，这将有助于塑造和完善现有理论，最终预测和改善健康行为，从而为精准医学方法提供支持。