This study aimed to assess the influence of pollution on the quality of sediments and the risks associated with El-Qusier and Safaga Cities, Red Sea, Egypt, during 2021, divided into four sectors, using multiple pollution indices. To achieve that, we evaluated the metal pollution index (MPI), contamination factor (Cf), pollution load index (PLI), contamination security index (CSI), and anthropogenicity (Anp%). Moreover, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks are used for human health hazards. Results indicated that Mn and Fe recorded the highest concentrations, whereas Cd had the lowest. El-Quseir City sediments were found the following metal ions: Fe > Mn > Ni > Zn > Cu > Co > Pb > Cd, where the order in the Safaga City was: Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb > Co > Cd. MPI > 1, this is alarming in the study area due to heavy metal pollution. In addition, Cf < 1 in all metals except Cd with contamination degree CD ranged from low to considerable contamination in El-Qusier city. In contrast, contamination ranged from significant to very high in Safaga city. PLI < 1 is lower than the reference at all monitored stations. CSI values ranged from relatively low to moderate. Besides Cd, data reflect each element's low environmental danger (EriMe40). This study's risk index (RI) is low to moderate in Sector 1 and high to extremely high in Sector 2. HQ and HI index < 1 means it is safe for human health in order: HI ingestion > HI dermal. CSR for different pathways was recorded as dermal > ingestion, in which total CSR for all paths is considered harmful, and the cancer risk is troublesome and higher than the reference ranges of 1 × 10–6–1 × 10–4. In conclusion, the examined heavy metals provide environmental hazards across the assessed locations.

中文翻译：

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埃及红海库塞尔市和萨法加市沿海沉积物风险评估和重金属污染比较研究


本研究旨在评估 2021 年污染对沉积物质量的影响以及与埃及红海埃尔库西尔和萨法加城市相关的风险，分为四个部分，使用多种污染指数。为了实现这一目标，我们评估了金属污染指数（MPI）、污染因子（Cf）、污染负荷指数（PLI）、污染安全指数（CSI）和人为因素（Anp%）。此外，致癌和非致癌风险被用于危害人类健康。结果表明，Mn 和 Fe 的浓度最高，而 Cd 的浓度最低。库塞尔城沉积物中发现以下金属离子：Fe > Mn > Ni > Zn > Cu > Co > Pb > Cd，其中萨法加城的顺序为：Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb > Co > 镉。 MPI > 1，由于重金属污染，这在研究区是令人震惊的。此外，El-Qusier 市除 Cd 外，所有金属的 Cf < 1，污染程度为 CD，污染程度从低到严重不等。相比之下，萨法加市的污染程度从严重到非常严重不等。 PLI < 1 低于所有监测站的参考值。 CSI 值范围从相对较低到中等。除Cd外，数据还反映了每种元素对环境的危害性较低（EriMe40）。本研究的风险指数 (RI) 在第 1 部分中为低至中度，在第 2 部分中为高至极高。HQ 和 HI 指数 < 1 表示对人类健康安全的顺序为：HI 摄入 > HI 皮肤。不同途径的CSR记录为真皮>摄入，其中所有途径的总CSR被认为是有害的，并且癌症风险很麻烦并且高于1×10-6-1×10-4的参考范围。总之，所检查的重金属对评估地点造成了环境危害。