Predator–prey interactions are a fundamental part of community ecology, yet the relative importance of consumptive and nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) (defined as a risk‐induced response that alters prey fitness) has not been resolved. Theory suggests that the emergence and subsequent predominance of consumptive or NCEs depend on the given habitat's complexity as well as predator hunting mode and spatial domain sizes of both predator and prey, but their relative influence on the outcome of predator–prey interactions is unknown. We built agent‐based models in NetLogo to simulate predator–prey interactions for three hunting modes—sit‐and‐wait, sit‐and‐pursue, and active—while concurrently simulating large versus small spatial domain sizes for both predators and prey. We studied (1) how hunting mode and spatial domain size interact to influence the emergence of consumptive or NCEs and (2) how, when NCEs do dominate, hunting mode and spatial domain separately or additively determine prey shifts in time, space, and habitat use. Our results indicate consumptive effects only dominate for active predators when prey habitat domains overlap completely with the predator's spatial domain and when sit‐and‐wait and sit‐and‐pursue predators and their prey both have large spatial domains. Prey are most likely to survive when they shift their time but most frequently shift their habitat. Our paper helps to better understand the underlying mechanisms that drive consumptive or NCEs to be most dominant.

中文翻译：

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捕食者与猎物在狩猎模式、空间域大小和栖息地复杂性方面的相互作用

捕食者与猎物的相互作用是群落生态学的基本组成部分，但消耗性和非消耗性效应（NCE）（定义为改变猎物适应性的风险诱发反应）的相对重要性尚未得到解决。理论表明，消耗性或NCE的出现和随后的优势取决于特定栖息地的复杂性以及捕食者的狩猎模式和捕食者和猎物的空间域大小，但它们对捕食者-猎物相互作用结果的相对影响尚不清楚。我们在 NetLogo 中构建了基于代理的模型，以模拟三种狩猎模式（坐等、坐追和主动）的捕食者与猎物之间的相互作用，同时模拟捕食者和猎物的大空间域大小与小空间域大小。我们研究了（1）狩猎模式和空间域大小如何相互作用以影响消耗性或 NCE 的出现，以及（2）当 NCE 确实占主导地位时，狩猎模式和空间域如何单独或相加地确定猎物在时间、空间和栖息地方面的变化使用。我们的结果表明，当猎物栖息地域与捕食者的空间域完全重叠，以及当坐等和坐追捕食者及其猎物都具有较大的空间域时，消耗效应仅对主动捕食者占主导地位。猎物在改变时间时最有可能生存，但最频繁地改变栖息地。我们的论文有助于更好地理解推动消费或新经济实体占据主导地位的根本机制。