Urban blue-green space (UBGS) has been extensively investigated for its climate regulation capability in the context of climate change. However, current efforts are limited toward the cooling effects mismatch in supply and demand of UBGS. This study adapts the framework of ecosystem supply and demand to quantify the supply-demand matching of the cooling effects of UBGS. Two indices were proposed to evaluate cooling provision and demand of UBGS: Cooling Supply Index (CSI), accounting for cooling contribution and spatial effect, and Cooling Demand Index (CDI), considering physical and social dimensions of cooling demand. Four-quadrant analysis and bivariate local indicators of spatial autocorrelation (BiLISA) analysis were employed to distinguish the supply-demand matching status: high supply with high demand, low supply with high demand, low supply with low demand, and high supply with low demand. The results show that 1) CSI and CDI yield great performance in quantifying cooling supply and demand, respectively; 2) the four-quadrant analysis and bivariate LISA analysis are complementary to each other, and can target those areas in different matching statuses for climate-sensitive planning and design; and 3) particular attention should be given to areas characterized by low supply with high demand. This study marks a crucial step toward integrating social aspects into the analysis of cooling effects provided by UBGS. It enriches the analysis framework for urban ecosystem services and provides valuable guidance for landscape planning to mitigate heat stress.

中文翻译：

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城市绿地和蓝色空间提供供冷​​服务的供需匹配


城市蓝绿空间（UBGS）因其在气候变化背景下的气候调节能力而受到广泛研究。然而，目前的努力仅限于解决UBGS供需不匹配的降温效应。本研究采用生态系统供需框架来量化 UBGS 降温效果的供需匹配。提出了两个指数来评估UBGS的制冷供应和需求：制冷供应指数（CSI），考虑制冷贡献和空间效应；制冷需求指数（CDI），考虑制冷需求的物理和社会维度。采用四象限分析和双变量局部空间自相关指标（BiLISA）分析区分供需匹配状态：高供给高需求、低供给高需求、低供给低需求、高供给低需求。结果表明：1）CSI和CDI分别在量化制冷供应和需求方面表现出色； 2）四象限分析与双变量LISA分析相互补充，可以针对不同匹配状态的区域进行气候敏感规划设计； 3）应特别关注供给少、需求高的领域。这项研究标志着将社会因素纳入 UBGS 提供的降温效应分析中的关键一步。它丰富了城市生态系统服务的分析框架，并为缓解热应激的景观规划提供了宝贵的指导。