Carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) are independent non-catalytic domains widely found in carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), and they play an essential role in the substrate binding process of CAZymes by guiding the appended catalytic modules to the target substrates. Owing to their precise recognition and selective affinity for different substrates, CBMs have received increasing research attention over the past few decades. To date, CBMs from different origins have formed a large number of families that show a variety of substrate types, structural features, and ligand recognition mechanisms. Moreover, through the modification of specific sites of CBMs and the fusion of heterologous CBMs with catalytic domains, improved enzymatic properties and catalytic patterns of numerous CAZymes have been achieved. Based on cutting-edge technologies in computational biology, gene editing, and protein engineering, CBMs as auxiliary components have become portable and efficient tools for the evolution and application of CAZymes. With the aim to provide a theoretical reference for the functional research, rational design, and targeted utilization of novel CBMs in the future, we systematically reviewed the function-related characteristics and potentials of CAZyme-derived CBMs in this review, including substrate recognition and binding mechanisms, non-catalytic contributions to enzyme performances, module modifications, and innovative applications in various fields.

中文翻译：

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碳水化合物结合模块：碳水化合物活性酶的特定底物结合和性能进化中紧凑而有效的附件


碳水化合物结合模块（CBM）是广泛存在于碳水化合物活性酶（CAZymes）中的独立非催化结构域，它们通过引导附加的催化模块与目标底物结合，在 CAZymes 的底物结合过程中发挥重要作用。由于其对不同底物的精确识别和选择性亲和力，CBM 在过去几十年中受到越来越多的研究关注。迄今为止，来自不同来源的CBM已形成大量家族，表现出多种底物类型、结构特征和配体识别机制。此外，通过CBM特定位点的修饰以及异源CBM与催化结构域的融合，改善了多种CAZymes的酶性质和催化模式。基于计算生物学、基因编辑和蛋白质工程等前沿技术，CBM作为辅助组件，已成为CAZymes进化和应用的便携式、高效工具。为了为未来新型CBM的功能研究、合理设计和靶向利用提供理论参考，我们系统地综述了CAZyme衍生的CBM的功能相关特征和潜力，包括底物识别和结合机制、对酶性能的非催化贡献、模块修饰以及各个领域的创新应用。