The novel brominated flame retardant, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), has increasingly been detected in environmental and biota samples. However, limited information is available regarding its toxicity, especially at environmentally relevant concentrations. In the present study, adult male zebrafish were exposed to varying concentrations of BTBPE (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L) for 28 days. The results demonstrated underperformance in mating behavior and reproductive success of male zebrafish when paired with unexposed females. Additionally, a decline in sperm quality was confirmed in BTBPE-exposed male zebrafish, characterized by decreased total motility, decreased progressive motility, and increased morphological malformations. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, an integrated proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis was performed, revealing a predominant impact on mitochondrial functions at the protein level and a universal response across different cellular compartments at the phosphorylation level. Ultrastructural damage, increased expression of apoptosis-inducing factor, and disordered respiratory chain confirmed the involvement of mitochondrial impairment in zebrafish testes. These findings not only provide valuable insights for future evaluations of the potential risks posed by BTBPE and similar chemicals but also underscore the need for further research into the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on reproductive health.

中文翻译：

---

1,2-双(2,4,6-三溴苯氧基)乙烷诱导斑马鱼雄性生殖毒性的机制见解

新型溴化阻燃剂 1,2-双(2,4,6-三溴苯氧基)乙烷 (BTBPE) 越来越多地在环境和生物样本中被检测到。然而，有关其毒性的信息有限，特别是在环境相关浓度下。在本研究中，成年雄性斑马鱼暴露于不同浓度的 BTBPE（0、0.01、0.1、1 和 10 μg/L）28 天。结果表明，当雄性斑马鱼与未暴露的雌性配对时，其交配行为和繁殖成功率均较差。此外，暴露于 BTBPE 的雄性斑马鱼的精子质量也被证实下降，其特征是总活力下降、前向活力下降和形态畸形增加。为了阐明潜在的机制，进行了综合蛋白质组和磷酸化蛋白质组分析，揭示了蛋白质水平对线粒体功能的主要影响以及磷酸化水平跨不同细胞区室的普遍反应。超微结构损伤、凋亡诱导因子表达增加和呼吸链紊乱证实了斑马鱼睾丸中线粒体损伤的参与。这些发现不仅为未来评估 BTBPE 和类似化学品带来的潜在风险提供了宝贵的见解，而且强调需要进一步研究线粒体功能障碍对生殖健康的影响。