Nanozymes were introduced approximately 15 years ago as inorganic materials capable of mimicking the catalytic abilities of natural (protein-based) enzymes. While the catalytic efficiency of nanozymes typically does not match that of enzymes, their research gains special attention due to their potential advantages over conventional enzymes, particularly their higher resistance to adverse conditions. This article focuses on the utilization of cerium oxide for the catalytic acceleration of non-redox reactions (e.g., dephosphorylation). It elucidates certain analogies between the functioning of conventional enzymes (metalloenzymes) and the nanozymatic activity of ceria, and the distinctions in the mechanisms of action between the two catalyst types. The unique catalytic (enzymatic) ability of cerium oxide is predetermined by the fine interplay between surface reactivity (associated with surface defects) and structural integrity (simplicity and stability of the subsurface crystalline structure). Limitations associated with the less flexible nature of cerium oxide are discussed, together with strategies to overcome them, which are based on the new concept of dynamic active sites. Possible generalizations to other metal oxide-based nanozymes are briefly mentioned.

中文翻译：

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受金属酶启发的磷酸酶模拟纳米酶的设计和应用方法。连接无机和有机世界


纳米酶大约 15 年前作为无机材料推出，能够模仿天然（基于蛋白质）酶的催化能力。虽然纳米酶的催化效率通常无法与酶相比，但由于其相对于传统酶的潜在优势，特别是对不利条件的更高抵抗力，其研究受到特别关注。本文重点介绍氧化铈用于催化加速非氧化还原反应（例如去磷酸化）。它阐明了常规酶（金属酶）的功能与二氧化铈的纳米酶活性之间的某些相似性，以及两种催化剂类型之间作用机制的区别。氧化铈独特的催化（酶）能力是由表面反应性（与表面缺陷相关）和结构完整性（表面下晶体结构的简单性和稳定性）之间的精细相互作用预先确定的。讨论了与氧化铈的灵活性较差相关的局限性，以及克服这些局限性的策略，这些策略基于动态活性位点的新概念。简要提到了对其他基于金属氧化物的纳米酶的可能推广。