This study utilised the Early Growth and Development Study (N = 561 adoptive children; 57.2% male, 55.3% White), a study of children adopted at birth, to examine heritable (birth parent psychopathology) and prenatal risk (prenatal maternal distress and smoking during pregnancy), infant negative affectivity, adoptive parent over‐reactivity and warmth as independent predictors of childhood externalising symptoms. The current study evaluated if: (1) infant negative affectivity and over‐reactive parenting are candidate mediators for the effects of heritable and prenatal risk on externalising symptoms and (2) parental warmth weakens the influence of heritable risk, prenatal risk, negative affectivity and over‐reactive parenting on externalising symptoms. There were main effects of heritable risk, infant negative affectivity and over‐reactive parenting on child externalising symptoms. The study found no support for the hypothesised mediation and moderation effects, suggesting that targeting parental over‐reactivity rather than warmth would be more effective in reducing the risk for childhood externalising symptoms.

中文翻译：

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儿童外化症状的早期风险：检查遗传、产前、气质和父母的影响


本研究利用了早期生长和发育研究（N = 561 名收养儿童；57.2% 为男性，55.3% 为白人），这是一项针对出生时收养儿童的研究，旨在检查遗传性（亲生父母的精神病理学）和产前风险（产前母亲痛苦和吸烟）怀孕期间）、婴儿负面情感、养父母过度反应和温暖是儿童外化症状的独立预测因素。目前的研究评估了是否：（1）婴儿消极情感和过度反应的养育方式是遗传风险和产前风险对外在症状影响的候选中介因素；（2）父母的温暖削弱了遗传风险、产前风险、消极情感和情绪的影响。养育方式对外化症状过度反应。遗传风险、婴儿负面情感和过度反应的养育方式对儿童外化症状有主要影响。该研究没有发现对假设的中介和调节效应的支持，这表明针对父母的过度反应而不是温暖会更有效地降低儿童外化症状的风险。