The article characterizes ice from the research perspective of Earth sciences applied in the natural environment of the Earth and in Cosmos. In each case, ice is defined as a mineral and monomineral rock occurring in sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic forms. It creates an icy lithosphere that completely covers icy planets and moons. Tectonic features and processes such as faults and folds, subduction as well as cryovolcanic phenomena, commonly occur in such lithosphere. On the Earth's surface, the icy lithosphere occurs in an analogous form, partially covering the land, lakes and oceans in form of glaciations and frozen water. In the Southern Hemisphere, its most spectacular example is the ice of the Antarctic continent and the accompanying shelf and sea ice, and in the Northern Hemisphere, the sea ice of the Arctic Sea and the Greenland ice sheet. Due to the specific natural conditions on Earth, the icy lithosphere here varies seasonally. Therefore, it is generally considered to be an unstable cover, which can only be seen in medium and low latitudes. Nevertheless, near the South Pole, ice may be older than 1,000,000 years. The special properties of ice from the perspective of Earth sciences include its dryness and ability to float on water. As a mineral and rock, ice cannot be a component of the atmosphere or hydrosphere, which are reserved for fluids, i.e. gases and liquids. The perception of Earth's ice should be consistent with how it is seen in Cosmos, because terrestrial conditions are unique and therefore not a valid reference point in analogical research conducted in space. The should be replaced by a as a matter of principle of which can be formulated as follows: The Earth is not the reference point in analogous studies of the natural environment of the celestial bodies. It is the Cosmos and celestial bodies that constitute the reference area for the Earth, and for the study of its natural environment.

中文翻译：

---

冰的普遍性：对冰的感知、其特性以及地球和地外环境中的相关过程。地球科学视角


本文从地球科学在地球自然环境和宇宙中应用的研究角度来描述冰的特征。在每种情况下，冰都被定义为以沉积岩、火成岩和变质岩形式存在的矿物和单矿物岩石。它创造了一个冰冷的岩石圈，完全覆盖了冰冷的行星和卫星。断层、褶皱、俯冲以及冰火山现象等构造特征和过程通常发生在此类岩石圈中。在地球表面，冰冷的岩石圈以类似的形式出现，以冰川和冰冻水的形式部分覆盖陆地、湖泊和海洋。在南半球，其最壮观的例子是南极大陆的冰及其伴随的陆架和海冰，在北半球，最壮观的例子是北冰洋的海冰和格陵兰冰盖。由于地球上特定的自然条件，这里的冰冷岩石圈会随季节变化。因此，一般认为是不稳定的覆盖物，只能在中低纬度地区看到。然而，在南极附近，冰的年龄可能超过 1,000,000 年。从地球科学的角度来看，冰的特殊性质包括它的干燥性和漂浮在水面上的能力。作为一种矿物和岩石，冰不能成为大气或水圈的组成部分，大气或水圈是为流体（即气体和液体）保留的。对地球冰的感知应该与在宇宙中看到的一致，因为陆地条件是独特的，因此不是在太空中进行的类比研究的有效参考点。 原则上应将 替换为 a，其原则可表述如下： 在天体自然环境的类似研究中，地球不是参考点。宇宙和天体构成了地球及其自然环境研究的参考区域。