We review the literature on the performance of groundwater institutions, including command-and-control (CAC) approaches, market-based institutions (MBIs), and voluntary approaches, and evaluate how they will perform as agriculture adapts to climate change. Both CAC approaches and MBIs lead to uneven distributional impacts on farmers, and voluntary approaches have not been successful in reducing water withdrawal on a large scale. A polycentric approach of regulation plus local management might perform well. Climate change will increase the irrigation demand for groundwater and demand flexible and properly scoped institutions that attend to local conditions.

中文翻译：

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面对全球气候变化的地下水机构


我们回顾了有关地下水机构绩效的文献，包括命令与控制 （CAC） 方法、市场化机构 （MBI） 和自愿方法，并评估了它们在农业适应气候变化时的表现。CAC 方法和 MBI 都会导致对农民的分配影响不均，并且自愿方法在大规模减少取水量方面并未成功。监管加地方管理的多中心方法可能会表现良好。气候变化将增加对地下水的灌溉需求，并需要灵活且范围适当的机构来关注当地条件。