Landscapes of fear can determine the dynamics of entire ecosystems. In response to perceived predation risk, prey can show physiological, behavioral, or morphological trait changes to avoid predation. This in turn can indirectly affect other species by modifying species interactions (e.g., altered feeding), with knock‐on effects, such as trophic cascades, on the wider ecosystem. While such indirect effects stemming from the fear of predation have received extensive attention for herbivore–plant and predator–prey interactions, much less is known about how they alter parasite–host interactions and wildlife diseases. In this synthesis, we present a conceptual framework for how predation risk—as perceived by organisms that serve as hosts—can affect parasite–host interactions, with implications for infectious disease dynamics. By basing our approach on recent conceptual advances with respect to predation risk effects, we aim to expand this general framework to include parasite–host interactions and diseases. We further identify pathways through which parasite–host interactions can be affected, for example, through altered parasite avoidance behavior or tolerance of hosts to infections, and discuss the wider relevance of predation risk for parasite and host populations, including heuristic projections to population‐level dynamics. Finally, we highlight the current unknowns, specifically the quantitative links from individual‐level processes to population dynamics and community structure, and emphasize approaches to address these knowledge gaps.

中文翻译：

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捕食风险对寄生虫-宿主相互作用和野生动物疾病的影响

恐惧的景观可以决定整个生态系统的动态。为了应对感知到的捕食风险，猎物可以表现出生理、行为或形态特征的变化，以避免被捕食。这反过来又可以通过改变物种相互作用（例如，改变摄食）来间接影响其他物种，并对更广泛的生态系统产生连锁效应，例如营养级联效应。虽然这种源于对捕食的恐惧的间接影响已受到草食动物-植物和捕食者-猎物相互作用的广泛关注，但人们对它们如何改变寄生虫-宿主相互作用和野生动物疾病知之甚少。在这篇综合文章中，我们提出了一个概念框架，说明捕食风险（作为宿主的生物体所感知的）如何影响寄生虫与宿主的相互作用，并对传染病动态产生影响。通过将我们的方法建立在捕食风险影响方面的最新概念进展的基础上，我们的目标是将这一总体框架扩展到包括寄生虫与宿主的相互作用和疾病。我们进一步确定了影响寄生虫与宿主相互作用的途径，例如，通过改变寄生虫回避行为或宿主对感染的耐受性，并讨论了寄生虫和宿主种群的捕食风险的更广泛相关性，包括对种群水平的启发式预测动力学。最后，我们强调当前的未知因素，特别是从个体层面的过程到人口动态和社区结构的定量联系，并强调解决这些知识差距的方法。