作为《化学评论》虚拟特刊“持久且稳定的有机自由基”的一部分发表。有机自由基物种的研究是化学领域的关键领域，开辟了该领域的创新视角。自1900年Gomberg发现三苯甲基自由基的存在以来，有机自由基化学得到了稳步发展。具有不成对电子的自由基物质通常不满足自旋中心原子的八位组规则，并且通常具有高反应性。利用这种高反应性，自由基物质已被用作构建复杂分子框架的重要反应中间体。许多闭壳化合物中不存在的自由基独特的电子结构引起了物理化学家的兴趣，并且已经开发并采用了各种测量技术和计算方法来阐明自由基物质的性质。此外，它们源自电子自旋的磁矩和单占据轨道易于交换的电子特性已被用于具有磁性和导电性等功能的材料中。显然，在加深我们对自由基物种的理解中，新型自由基化合物的创造发挥了极其重要的作用。例如，有机分子晶体中的铁磁性首先是通过精心设计的硝基硝基氧自由基p -NPNN 实现的。 迄今为止，部分广泛的研究已汇编在出版物中，例如化学、生物学和材料中的自由基百科全书(2012)、稳定自由基：奇电子化合物的基础和应用方面(2010)、评论论文和 2013 年主题《Chemical Reviews 》的《Reactive Intermediates》一期，由 RA Moss 编辑。然而，自由基化学的进步非常迅速，现在是时候巩固有机自由基化学的最新新研究了。本期专题《持久且稳定的有机自由基》深入探讨了各种有机自由基的最新研究成果，从单自由基到双自由基和多自由基。本期虚拟期刊中的每篇论文都重点介绍合成自由基的新方法，并深入分析其性质，特别是深入研究电子态，从而更深入地了解电子转移机制以及分子内部或分子之间的自旋-自旋相互作用。这反过来又为这些激进物种的设计和应用提供了新的可能性。此外，这个专题超出了基础研究的范围，涉及有机自由基的开创性应用。例如，讨论涵盖有机自由基在有机电子和催化反应中的作用。这些应用揭示了有机自由基物种对现代化学技术的影响。 Rajca 和同事总结了可分离单自由基、高自旋双自由基和三自由基的最新进展。 Oyaizu 及其同事介绍了有机自由基在材料科学中的应用。 Leifert 和 Studer 提供了一篇扎实的评论文章，阐明了硝基氧在有机合成中的重要性。舒尔茨等人。发表了一篇关于杂原子中心自由基的综述，近年来取得了显着的进展。斯洛特韦格和他的同事描述了沮丧的刘易斯对隐藏的激进性格中产生的新化学反应。铃木和石垣总结了长碳-碳键合体系的双自由基特征。草本及其同事提出了可扩展和拓宽发光分子系统的发光有机自由基。我们衷心感谢 Dean Toste 教授在本期专题的准备过程中提供的宝贵帮助。他富有洞察力的编辑极大地提高了手稿的质量和连贯性。他所表现出的专业知识和奉献精神对于解决整个问题发挥了重要作用。最后，向为撰写评论做出贡献的作者表示衷心的感谢。正是通过他们的专注研究和贡献，这个专题才得以实现。我们希望这些综述文章能够为读者提供对有机自由基研究的新见解，并成为未来研究工作的宝贵信息来源。久保隆1991年毕业于大阪大学，获硕士学位。 1993年在村田一郎教授指导下获博士学位。 1996年在Kazuhiro Nakasuji教授的指导下。在三菱化学公司工作后，他于2000年加入大阪大学研究生院理学研究科化学系中筋教授课题组，担任助理教授。 2006年任副教授。 2006年起担任大阪大学研究生院理学研究科教授。 2006年，他还是加州大学河滨分校（Robert C. Haddon教授）和慕尼黑路德维希马克西米利安大学（LMU）慕尼黑大学（Herbert Mayr博士教授）的客座研究员。他的研究兴趣是结构和物理有机化学。 ，主要研究具有开壳层特征的多环芳香族化合物的合成和性能，以及基于过渡金属配合物的协同质子和电子转移体系的发展。阿部学 (Manabu Abe) 获得博士学位。 1995年在Akira Oku教授的指导下获得京都工业大学博士学位。1995年，他成为大阪大学工学院（野岛正友教授组）的教员。 1997年至1998年，他在维尔茨堡朱利叶斯·马克西米利安大学 (JMU) 担任亚历山大·冯·洪堡 (AvH) 研究员，师从 Waldemar Adam 教授博士。 2007年，他还是慕尼黑路德维希马克西米利安大学 (LMU) 的客座 AvH 研究员（Herbert Mayr 教授）。他移居广岛，成为广岛大学化学系有机化学全职教授，2007年。他的研究重点是反应中间体化学和有机光反应。这篇文章尚未被其他出版物引用。久保隆1991年毕业于大阪大学，获硕士学位。 1993年在村田一郎教授指导下获博士学位。 1996年在Kazuhiro Nakasuji教授的指导下。在三菱化学公司工作后，他于2000年加入大阪大学研究生院理学研究科化学系中筋教授课题组，担任助理教授。 2006年任副教授。 2006年起担任大阪大学研究生院理学研究科教授。 2006年，他还是加州大学河滨分校（Robert C. Haddon教授）和慕尼黑路德维希马克西米利安大学（LMU）慕尼黑大学（Herbert Mayr博士教授）的客座研究员。他的研究兴趣是结构和物理有机化学。 ，主要研究具有开壳层特征的多环芳香族化合物的合成和性能，以及基于过渡金属配合物的协同质子和电子转移体系的发展。阿部学 (Manabu Abe) 获得博士学位。 1995年在Akira Oku教授的指导下获得京都工业大学博士学位。1995年，他成为大阪大学工学院（野岛正友教授组）的教员。 1997年至1998年，他在维尔茨堡朱利叶斯·马克西米利安大学 (JMU) 担任亚历山大·冯·洪堡 (AvH) 研究员，师从 Waldemar Adam 教授博士。 2007年，他还是慕尼黑路德维希马克西米利安大学 (LMU) 的客座 AvH 研究员（Herbert Mayr 教授）。他移居广岛，成为广岛大学化学系有机化学全职教授，2007年。他的研究重点是反应中间体化学和有机光反应。
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Introduction: Persistent and Stable Organic Radicals
Published as part of Chemical Reviews virtual special issue “Persistent and Stable Organic Radicals”. The research on organic radical species stands as a pivotal domain in the realm of chemistry, opening innovative perspectives in the field. Since the discovery of the existence of the triphenylmethyl radical by Gomberg in 1900, the chemistry of organic radicals has steadily advanced. Radical species, possessing unpaired electrons, typically do not satisfy the octet rule on spin-center atoms and are generally highly reactive. Leveraging this high reactivity, radical species have been utilized as important reactive intermediates for constructing complex molecular frameworks. The unique electronic structure of radicals, not present in many closed-shell compounds, has captured the interest of physical chemists, and various measurement techniques and computational methods have been developed and employed to elucidate the properties of radical species. Additionally, their magnetic moments derived from electron spins and the readily exchangeable electron characteristics of singly occupied orbitals have been harnessed for applications in materials with functions such as magnetism and electroconductivity. It is evident that in deepening our understanding of radical species, the creation of novel radical compounds has played an extremely crucial role. For instance, ferromagnetism in an organic molecular crystal was first achieved with a well-designed nitronylnitroxide radical, p-NPNN. A portion of the extensive research thus far has been compiled in publications like Encyclopedia of Radicals in Chemistry, Biology and Materials (2012), Stable Radicals: Fundamentals and Applied Aspects of Odd-Electron Compounds (2010), review papers, and the 2013 thematic issue, Reactive Intermediates, of Chemical Reviews, which was edited by R. A. Moss. However, the advancement in radical chemistry has been remarkably rapid, and it is now time to consolidate recent new research in organic radical chemistry. This thematic issue, Persistent and Stable Organic Radicals, delves into the latest research achievements spanning a wide spectrum of organic radicals, ranging from monoradicals to diradicals and multiradicals. Each paper in this virtual issue focuses on novel methods for synthesizing radicals, along with an in-depth analysis of their properties, particularly delving into the electronic states, offering a deeper understanding of electron transfer mechanisms and spin–spin interactions within or between molecules. This, in turn, suggests new possibilities for the design and applications of these radical species. Furthermore, this thematic issue extends beyond fundamental research, touching upon pioneering applications of organic radicals. For instance, discussions encompass the role of organic radicals in organic electronics and catalytic reactions. These applications shed light on the impact that organic radical species have on modern chemical technologies. Rajca and co-workers summarize the recent advances of isolable monoradicals, high-spin diradicals, and triradicals. The utilization of organic radicals for materials science is introduced by Oyaizu and co-workers. Leifert and Studer provide a solid review article that sheds light on the importance of nitroxides for organic synthesis. Schulz et al. have published a review on heteroatom-centered radicals, which have made remarkable progress in recent years. The new chemistry that emerges from the hidden radical character of frustrated Lewis pairs was described by Slootweg and co-workers. Suzuki and Ishigaki summarize a diradical character of long carbon–carbon bonding systems. Kusamoto and co-workers present luminescent organic radicals that expand and broaden luminescent molecular systems. We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Professor Dean Toste for the invaluable assistance provided during the preparation of this thematic issue. His insightful editing greatly contributed to the quality and coherence of the manuscripts. The expertise and dedication demonstrated by him were instrumental in shaping the whole of this issue. Finally, heartfelt gratitude is extended to the authors who contributed to the compilation of reviews. It is through their dedicated research and contributions that this thematic issue has come to fruition. We hope that the review articles provide readers with fresh insights into the study of organic radicals and serve as a valuable source of information for future research endeavors. Takashi Kubo graduated from Osaka University in 1991, received his M.Sc. in 1993 under the guidance of Professor Ichiro Murata, and received his Ph.D. in 1996 under the guidance of Professor Kazuhiro Nakasuji. After working at Mitsubishi Chemical Co., he joined Professor Nakasuji’s group at Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, in 2000 as Assistant Professor. In 2006 he served as Associate Professor. Since 2006 he has been Professor of Graduate School of Science, Osaka University. He was also a visiting researcher at University of California, Riverside (Professor Robert C. Haddon) and at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München (Professor Dr. Herbert Mayr) in 2006. His research interests are structural and physical organic chemistry, mainly the syntheses and properties of polycyclic aromatic compounds with open-shell character, and the development of cooperative proton and electron transfer systems based on transition metal complexes. Manabu Abe received his Ph.D. degree from Kyoto Institute of Technology under the supervision of Professor Akira Oku in 1995. In 1995, he became a faculty staff member at School of Engineering, Osaka University (Prof. Masatomo Nojima’s group). From 1997 to 1998, he was an Alexander-von-Humboldt (AvH) fellow under Professor Dr. Waldemar Adam at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU) Würzburg. He was also a visiting AvH researcher at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München (Professor Dr. Herbert Mayr) in 2007. He moved to Hiroshima and became a full-time professor of Organic Chemistry at the Department of Chemistry, Hiroshima University, in 2007. His research focuses on reactive intermediates chemistry and organic photoreactions. This article has not yet been cited by other publications. Takashi Kubo graduated from Osaka University in 1991, received his M.Sc. in 1993 under the guidance of Professor Ichiro Murata, and received his Ph.D. in 1996 under the guidance of Professor Kazuhiro Nakasuji. After working at Mitsubishi Chemical Co., he joined Professor Nakasuji’s group at Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, in 2000 as Assistant Professor. In 2006 he served as Associate Professor. Since 2006 he has been Professor of Graduate School of Science, Osaka University. He was also a visiting researcher at University of California, Riverside (Professor Robert C. Haddon) and at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München (Professor Dr. Herbert Mayr) in 2006. His research interests are structural and physical organic chemistry, mainly the syntheses and properties of polycyclic aromatic compounds with open-shell character, and the development of cooperative proton and electron transfer systems based on transition metal complexes. Manabu Abe received his Ph.D. degree from Kyoto Institute of Technology under the supervision of Professor Akira Oku in 1995. In 1995, he became a faculty staff member at School of Engineering, Osaka University (Prof. Masatomo Nojima’s group). From 1997 to 1998, he was an Alexander-von-Humboldt (AvH) fellow under Professor Dr. Waldemar Adam at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU) Würzburg. He was also a visiting AvH researcher at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München (Professor Dr. Herbert Mayr) in 2007. He moved to Hiroshima and became a full-time professor of Organic Chemistry at the Department of Chemistry, Hiroshima University, in 2007. His research focuses on reactive intermediates chemistry and organic photoreactions.
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