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Biological effects of vanillic acid, iso-vanillic acid, and orto-vanillic acid as environmental pollutants
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety ( IF 6.2 ) Pub Date : 2024-04-24 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116383 Marzena Matejczyk 1 , Piotr Ofman 2 , Edyta Juszczuk-Kubiak 3 , Renata Świsłocka 1 , Wong Ling Shing 4 , Kavindra Kumar Kesari 5 , Balu Prakash 6 , Włodzimierz Lewandowski 1
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety ( IF 6.2 ) Pub Date : 2024-04-24 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116383 Marzena Matejczyk 1 , Piotr Ofman 2 , Edyta Juszczuk-Kubiak 3 , Renata Świsłocka 1 , Wong Ling Shing 4 , Kavindra Kumar Kesari 5 , Balu Prakash 6 , Włodzimierz Lewandowski 1
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Vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) (VA) is a natural benzoic acid derivative commonly found in herbs, rice, maize, and some fruits and vegetables. However, due to the wide use of VA in various industrial sectors, its presence in the environment might harm living organisms. This study evaluated the toxicity of VA and its isomers, -VA and -VA. Firstly, the antimicrobial effect of VA and its isomers -VA and -VA (in doses of 1000; 100, 10, 1; 0.1; 0.01 mg/L) against , ., , and were identified. The toxic effect and protein degradation potential of VA and its isomers were determined using and biosensor strains. However, the genotoxicity and oxidative stress generation were assessed with the biosensor and strain. The results showed that VA, -VA, and -VA exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested bacterial strains. However, VA's antimicrobial effect differed from -VA and -VA. Similar toxic, genotoxic, and oxidative stress-inducing effects were observed for VA and its isomers. Each compound exhibited toxicity, cellular protein degradation, and genotoxic activity against , , and strains. Analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation within cells highlighted oxidative stress as a contributing factor to the toxicity and genotoxicity of VA and its isomers. While the findings suggest potential applications of VA compounds as food preservatives, their presence in the environment raises concerns regarding the risks posed to living organisms due to their toxic and genotoxic characteristics.
中文翻译：
香草酸、异香草酸和原香草酸作为环境污染物的生物效应
香草酸（4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲酸）（VA）是一种天然苯甲酸衍生物，常见于草药、大米、玉米以及一些水果和蔬菜中。然而，由于 VA 在各个工业领域的广泛使用，其在环境中的存在可能会损害生物体。本研究评估了VA及其异构体-VA和-VA的毒性。首先，确定了VA及其异构体-VA和-VA（剂量为1000; 100, 10, 1; 0.1; 0.01 mg/L）对、、、、和的抗菌作用。使用生物传感器菌株测定了 VA 及其异构体的毒性作用和蛋白质降解潜力。然而，用生物传感器和菌株评估了遗传毒性和氧化应激的产生。结果表明，VA、-VA和-VA对所有测试的菌株均表现出抗菌活性。然而，VA的抗菌作用与-VA和-VA不同。 VA 及其异构体也观察到类似的毒性、基因毒性和氧化应激诱导作用。每种化合物均表现出毒性、细胞蛋白降解和针对 、 和 菌株的基因毒性活性。对细胞内活性氧 (ROS) 生成的分析强调氧化应激是 VA 及其异构体的毒性和遗传毒性的一个影响因素。虽然研究结果表明 VA 化合物作为食品防腐剂的潜在应用，但它们在环境中的存在引起了人们对由于其毒性和基因毒性特性而对生物体构成风险的担忧。
更新日期：2024-04-24
中文翻译：
香草酸、异香草酸和原香草酸作为环境污染物的生物效应
香草酸（4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲酸）（VA）是一种天然苯甲酸衍生物，常见于草药、大米、玉米以及一些水果和蔬菜中。然而，由于 VA 在各个工业领域的广泛使用，其在环境中的存在可能会损害生物体。本研究评估了VA及其异构体-VA和-VA的毒性。首先，确定了VA及其异构体-VA和-VA（剂量为1000; 100, 10, 1; 0.1; 0.01 mg/L）对、、、、和的抗菌作用。使用生物传感器菌株测定了 VA 及其异构体的毒性作用和蛋白质降解潜力。然而，用生物传感器和菌株评估了遗传毒性和氧化应激的产生。结果表明，VA、-VA和-VA对所有测试的菌株均表现出抗菌活性。然而，VA的抗菌作用与-VA和-VA不同。 VA 及其异构体也观察到类似的毒性、基因毒性和氧化应激诱导作用。每种化合物均表现出毒性、细胞蛋白降解和针对 、 和 菌株的基因毒性活性。对细胞内活性氧 (ROS) 生成的分析强调氧化应激是 VA 及其异构体的毒性和遗传毒性的一个影响因素。虽然研究结果表明 VA 化合物作为食品防腐剂的潜在应用，但它们在环境中的存在引起了人们对由于其毒性和基因毒性特性而对生物体构成风险的担忧。
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