s While the shadow economy seems to have both positive and negative effects on a country’s macroeconomy, almost all governments have attempted to control the shadow economy to prevent the loss of tax revenues and the attendant impact on the government budget. Even though official development assistance (ODA) has no formal link with the shadow economy, we often observe a relationship between the two in recipient countries. We argue that ODA can increase the size of the shadow economy in recipient countries through both government and individual-level flows of ODA to the shadow economy. We analyzed data on the shadow economies of 107 ODA recipients from 1990 to 2018 using both fixed effect and Driscoll–Kraay estimators. The results show that recipients receiving a higher volume of ODA are more likely to have a larger shadow economy. Moreover, the relationship between ODA and the shadow economy is stronger in more corrupt recipients. We dealt with endogeneity issues using the generalized method of moments, which supported our findings.

中文翻译：

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官方发展援助的阴影：官方发展援助、腐败和受援国的影子经济

尽管影子经济似乎对一个国家的宏观经济既有积极的影响，也有消极的影响，但几乎所有政府都试图控制影子经济，以防止税收收入的损失以及随之而来的对政府预算的影响。尽管官方发展援助（ODA）与影子经济没有正式联系，但我们经常在受援国观察到两者之间的关系。我们认为，官方发展援助可以通过政府和个人层面向影子经济提供官方发展援助来扩大受援国影子经济的规模。我们使用固定效应估计器和 Driscoll-Kraay 估计器分析了 1990 年至 2018 年 107 个官方发展援助接受者的影子经济数据。结果表明，接受官方发展援助数量较多的国家更有可能拥有规模更大的影子经济。此外，在腐败程度较高的接受国中，官方发展援助与影子经济之间的关系更为密切。我们使用广义矩方法处理内生性问题，这支持了我们的发现。