Monitoring dynamics of Kyagar Glacier surge and repeated draining of Ice-dammed lake using multi-source remote sensing,Science of the Total Environment

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Monitoring dynamics of Kyagar Glacier surge and repeated draining of Ice-dammed lake using multi-source remote sensing
Science of the Total Environment ( IF 8.2 ) Pub Date : 2024-04-13 , DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172467
Yongpeng Gao ₁ , Jinliang Wang ₂ , Shiyin Liu ₃ , Xiaojun Yao ₄ , Miaomiao Qi ₅ , Pengbin Liang ₆ , Fuming Xie ₅ , Jianxin Mu ₇ , Xinggang Ma ₈

Affiliation

Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing for Universities in Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China; Center for Geospatial Information Engineering and Technology of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing for Universities in Yunnan, Kunming 650500, China; Center for Geospatial Information Engineering and Technology of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China.
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Yunnan International Joint Laboratory of China-Laos-Bangladesh-Myanmar Natural Resources Remote Sensing Monitoring, Kunming 650091, China.
Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Qinghai University of Science and Technology, Xining 810008, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Plateau Climate Change and Corresponding Ecological and Environmental Effects, Xining 810008, China.
Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering/Tian Shan Glaciological Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China.
National Field Science Observation and Research Station of Yulong Snow Mountain Cryosphere and Sustainable Development, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.

Glacier surges, a primary factor contributing to various glacial hazards, has long captivated the attention of the global glaciological community. This study delves into the dynamics of Kyagar Glacier surging and the associated drainage features of its Ice-dammed lake, employing high temporal resolution optical imagery. Our findings indicate that the surge on Kyagar Glacier began in late spring and early summer of 2014 and concluded during the summer of 2016. This surge resulted in the transfer of 0.321 ± 0.012 km of glacier mass from the reservoir zone to the receiving zone, leading to the formation of an ice-dammed lake at the glacier's terminus. The lake experienced five outbursts between 2015 and 2019, with the largest discharge occurring in 2017. And the maximum water depth during this period was 112 ± 11 m, resulting in a water storage volume of (158.37 ± 28.32) × 10 m. On the other hand, our analysis of the relationship between glacier surface velocity and albedo, coupled with an examination of subglacial dynamics, revealed that increased precipitation during the active phase of the Kyagar Glacier results in accumulation of mass in the upper glacier. This accumulation induces changes in basal shear stress, triggering the glacier's transition into an unstable state. Consequently, glacier deformation rates escalate, surface crevasses proliferate, potentially providing conduits for surface meltwater to infiltrate the glacier bed. This, in turn, leaded to elevated basal water pressure, initiating glacier sliding. Furthermore, we postulated that the repetitive drainage of Kyagar Ice-dammed lake was primarily influenced by the opening and closing of subglacial drainage pathways and variations in inflow volumes. Future endeavors necessitate rigorous field observations to enhance glacier surge simulations, deepening our comprehension of glacier surge mechanisms and mitigating the impact of associated glacial hazards.

中文翻译：

利用多源遥感监测Kyagar冰川涌动和冰堰湖重复排水的动态

冰川涌动作为造成各种冰川灾害的主要因素，长期以来一直受到全球冰川学界的关注。这项研究采用高时间分辨率光学图像，深入研究了基亚加尔冰川涌动的动力学及其冰坝湖的相关排水特征。我们的研究结果表明，Kyagar 冰川的激增始于 2014 年春末夏初，并于 2016 年夏季结束。这次激增导致 0.321 ± 0.012 km 的冰川质量从储存区转移到接收区，导致到冰川终点形成冰坝湖。 2015年至2019年间，该湖共发生5次溃决，最大流量发生在2017年，期间最大水深为112±11 m，蓄水量为（158.37±28.32）×10 m。另一方面，我们对冰川表面速度和反照率之间关系的分析，再加上对冰下动力学的检查，表明基亚加尔冰川活动阶段降水量的增加导致了上部冰川质量的积累。这种积累会引起基础剪切应力的变化，从而引发冰川转变为不稳定状态。因此，冰川变形速度加快，表面裂缝激增，可能为表面融水渗透冰川床提供管道。这反过来又导致基础水压升高，引发冰川滑动。此外，我们假设Kyagar冰坝湖的重复排水主要受到冰下排水通道的打开和关闭以及流入量变化的影响。未来的努力需要严格的实地观测，以加强冰川涌动模拟，加深我们对冰川涌动机制的理解并减轻相关冰川灾害的影响。

更新日期：2024-04-13

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