Skin acts as a protective barrier for the underlying organs against external events such as irradiation of ultraviolet rays, incursion of harmful pathogens, and water evaporation. As the skin is constantly liable to damage, the wound-healing process is vital to the survival of all organisms. Materials design and development for enhanced wound healing and skin tissue regeneration have been found highly valuable in recent years. A wide range of materials and structures, including dressings and tissue-engineered substitutes composed of synthetic and/or natural biopolymers and their composites have been developed and examined. Although some have clinically been proven and are available in the market, mimicking the architecture of native extracellular matrix is still an open challenge with fundamental limitations in reproducing skin appendages, sufficient vascularization, adherence to the wound bed, and scarless wound management. Biomimetic nanofibers with tunable morphological, biological, and physicochemical features are promising candidates to overcome these drawbacks. Combined with advanced biomanufacturing and cell culturing techniques, enabling the incorporation of growth factors and stem cells within morphologically-controlled nanostructures, the fibrous structures allow the regeneration of functional skin. This paper overviews the advances in state-of-the-art strategies for designing biomimetic nanofibrous materials with a high potential for wound healing and skin regeneration. An emphasis is given to multifunctional nanocomposites with mechanobiological properties matching those of natural skin. Opportunities, challenges, and commercial status of these materials for skin repair are outlined, and their future perspective is demonstrated. The advances in smart wound management are also discussed, particularly by highlighting the potential of stimuli-responsive materials and integrated sensors in the progress of next-generation dressings for simultaneous monitoring and on-demand treatment of wounds.

中文翻译：

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仿生纳米纤维如何推进皮肤伤口管理领域：最新技术和未来前景


皮肤作为底层器官的保护屏障，抵御紫外线照射、有害病原体入侵和水分蒸发等外部事件。由于皮肤经常受到损伤，伤口愈合过程对于所有生物体的生存至关重要。近年来，人们发现用于增强伤口愈合和皮肤组织再生的材料设计和开发非常有价值。已经开发和检验了多种材料和结构，包括由合成和/或天然生物聚合物及其复合材料组成的敷料和组织工程替代品。尽管有些已经经过临床验证并已在市场上销售，但模仿天然细胞外基质的结构仍然是一个公开的挑战，在复制皮肤附属物、充分的血管化、对伤口床的粘附和无疤痕伤口处理方面存在根本限制。具有可调节形态、生物和物理化学特征的仿生纳米纤维是克服这些缺点的有希望的候选者。结合先进的生物制造和细胞培养技术，能够将生长因子和干细胞纳入形态控制的纳米结构中，纤维结构可以实现功能性皮肤的再生。本文概述了设计具有伤口愈合和皮肤再生潜力的仿生纳米纤维材料的最先进策略的进展。重点关注具有与天然皮肤相匹配的机械生物学特性的多功能纳米复合材料。概述了这些皮肤修复材料的机遇、挑战和商业状况，并论证了它们的未来前景。 还讨论了智能伤口管理的进展，特别是通过强调刺激响应材料和集成传感器在用于同时监测和按需治疗伤口的下一代敷料进展中的潜力。