The Yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina nigrithorax) was accidentally introduced into south-western of France in 2004 and rapidly spread throughout France and neighbouring countries. This insect predator hunts honey bees leading to a hornet-mediated beekeeping risk (HBR) with potential mortality of honey bee colonies and important economic costs. However, the spatial distribution of HBR is not yet assessed and is urgently required to formulate suitable management plans in Western Europe. We conducted a two-year citizen science survey in France and Germany to assess the spatial distribution of (1) the hornet and (2) HBR, and to (3) determine the environmental factors involved. A total of 1678 beekeepers participated in the survey. As expected, the hornet was established throughout the French territory, and was mainly detected near the French border in Germany. We found that HBR was substantially lower in Germany than in France. Temperature had a positive effect on both hornet presence and HBR, whereas distance to the introduction point had a negative effect in both France and Germany. These results suggest that the impact of V. velutina on beekeeping is not homogenous across the invasion range and could be reduced on the eastern front due to the continental climate. Taking into account the spatial variability of HBR could help to formulate regionally adapted management plans to limit the impact of V. velutina on biodiversity, human health and economic sectors.

黄腿大黄蜂（Vespa velutina nigrithorax）于2004年被意外引入法国西南部，并迅速蔓延至法国及周边国家。这种昆虫捕食者捕食蜜蜂，导致黄蜂介导的养蜂风险（HBR），可能导致蜂群死亡并造成重大经济损失。然而，HBR 的空间分布尚未评估，迫切需要在西欧制定合适的管理计划。我们在法国和德国进行了为期两年的公民科学调查，以评估 (1) 大黄蜂和 (2) HBR 的空间分布，并 (3) 确定所涉及的环境因素。共有1678名养蜂人参与了调查。不出所料，大黄蜂的足迹遍及法国全境，主要在德国境内的法国边境附近被发现。我们发现德国的 HBR 远低于法国。温度对大黄蜂的存在和 HBR 都有积极影响，而到引入点的距离对法国和德国都有负面影响。这些结果表明， V. velutina对养蜂业的影响在整个入侵范围内并不均匀，并且由于大陆性气候，在东部前线可能会减少。考虑到 HBR 的空间变异性有助于制定适合区域的管理计划，以限制V. velutina对生物多样性、人类健康和经济部门的影响。