Membraneless organelles (MLOs) formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) have been extensively studied due to their spatiotemporal control of biochemical and cellular processes in living cells. These findings have provided valuable insights into the physicochemical principles underlying the formation and functionalization of biomolecular condensates, which paves the way for the development of versatile phase-separating systems capable of addressing a variety of application scenarios. Here, we highlight the potential of constructing synthetic MLOs with programmable and functional properties. Notably, we organize how these synthetic membraneless compartments have been capitalized to manipulate enzymatic activities and metabolic reactions. The aim of this review is to inspire readerships to deeply comprehend the widespread roles of synthetic MLOs in the regulation enzymatic reactions and control of metabolic processes, and to encourage the rational design of controllable and functional membraneless compartments for a broad range of bioengineering applications.

中文翻译：

---

合成无膜细胞器的设计和应用最新进展


通过液-液相分离（LLPS）形成的无膜细胞器（MLO）因其对活细胞中生化和细胞过程的时空控制而得到了广泛的研究。这些发现为生物分子缩合物的形成和功能化背后的物理化学原理提供了宝贵的见解，这为开发能够解决各种应用场景的多功能相分离系统铺平了道路。在这里，我们强调构建具有可编程和功能特性的合成 MLO 的潜力。值得注意的是，我们组织了如何利用这些合成无膜室来操纵酶活性和代谢反应。本综述的目的是启发读者深入理解合成 MLO 在调节酶反应和控制代谢过程中的广泛作用，并鼓励为广泛的生物工程应用合理设计可控和功能性无膜室。