Nanoparticles (NP) play a crucial role in nanomedicine, serving as carriers for localized therapeutics to allow for precise drug delivery to specific disease sites and conditions. When injected systemically, NP can directly interact with various blood cell types, most critically with circulating platelets. Hence, the potential activation/inhibition of platelets following NP exposure must be evaluated a priori due to possible debilitating outcomes. In recent years, various studies have helped resolve the physicochemical parameters that influence platelet‐NP interactions, and either emphasize nanoparticles' therapeutic role such as to augment hemostasis or to inhibit thrombus formation, or conversely map their potential undesired side effects upon injection. In the present review, we discuss some of the main effects of several key NP types including polymeric, ceramic, silica, dendrimers and metallic NPs on platelets, with a focus on the physicochemical parameters that can dictate these effects and modulate the therapeutic potential of the NP. Despite the scientific and clinical significance of understanding Platelet‐NP interactions, there is a significant knowledge gap in the field and a critical need for further investigation. Moreover, improved guidelines and research methodologies need to be developed and implemented. Our outlook includes the use of biomimetic in vitro models to investigate these complex interactions under both healthy physiological and disease conditions.

中文翻译：

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双刃剑：工程纳米粒子和血小板之间复杂的相互作用

纳米颗粒（NP）在纳米医学中发挥着至关重要的作用，作为局部治疗的载体，可以将药物精确输送到特定的疾病部位和条件。当全身注射时，NP 可以直接与各种血细胞类型相互作用，最重要的是与循环血小板相互作用。因此，由于可能出现使人衰弱的结果，必须预先评估暴露于 NP 后血小板的潜在激活/抑制。近年来，各种研究帮助解决了影响血小板-纳米颗粒相互作用的物理化学参数，并强调了纳米颗粒的治疗作用，例如增强止血或抑制血栓形成，或者相反地绘制了它们在注射后潜在的不良副作用。在本综述中，我们讨论了几种关键纳米颗粒类型的一些主要影响，包括聚合物、陶瓷、二氧化硅、树枝状聚合物和金属纳米颗粒对血小板的影响，重点是可以决定这些影响并调节纳米颗粒治疗潜力的物理化学参数。 NP。尽管了解血小板-纳米粒子相互作用具有科学和临床意义，但该领域仍存在重大知识差距，迫切需要进一步研究。此外，需要制定和实施改进的指导方针和研究方法。我们的前景包括使用仿生体外模型来研究健康生理和疾病条件下这些复杂的相互作用。