Using Rwandan Integrated Household Living Conditions surveys (2013/2014 and 2016/17), we investigate whether financial inclusion leads to improved nutrition in rural Rwanda. Our empirical evidence shows a robust positive impact of financial inclusion by formal financial institutions, although informal institutions like tontines were ineffective in improving food expenditure or nutrition. Furthermore, the heterogeneous marginal effects of financial inclusion reduce the gender gap between the food expenditure and nutrition of female- and male-headed households. The results, hence, suggest that the country should promote formal financial inclusion to provide wide-ranging welfare effects by improving food security, nutrition and food expenditure in its rural communities.

中文翻译：

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卢旺达农村家庭的金融包容性和营养

通过卢旺达综合家庭生活条件调查（2013/2014 年和 2016/17 年），我们调查了金融包容性是否导致卢旺达农村地区营养状况的改善。我们的经验证据表明，尽管联合养老保险等非正式机构在改善食品支出或营养方面无效，但正规金融机构的普惠金融产生了强大的积极影响。此外，普惠金融的异质边际效应缩小了女性和男性户主家庭的粮食支出和营养之间的性别差距。因此，结果表明，该国应促进正规金融普惠，通过改善农村社区的粮食安全、营养和粮食支出来提供广泛的福利效应。