Water temperature responses to climate change may vary across Earth's estuaries. To understand how climate change influences estuarine surface water temperature, we need global, long‐term records of estuarine temperature. Here, we generated surface water temperature data over 1060 estuaries globally using Landsat 5, 7, and 8 from 1985 to 2022 and compared water warming rates with local air temperature warming rates. Forty‐seven percent of Earth's estuaries are warming, with a global average warming rate of 0.070 ± 0.004°C yr−1 (median = 0.060°C yr−1). Estuaries at higher latitudes showed rapid warming. A 1°C increase in air temperature could lead to a 0.81°C increase in estuarine surface water warming and 1.3°C increase in estuaries above 60.5°N. We inferred the potential influences over estuarine warming based on distinct global spatial patterns in water and air warming and discussed the effects of warming water temperature on estuarine metabolism and water quality.

中文翻译：

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地球河口普遍变暖

地球各河口的水温对气候变化的反应可能有所不同。为了了解气候变化如何影响河口表面水温，我们需要全球河口温度的长期记录。在这里，我们使用 Landsat 5、7 和 8 生成了 1985 年至 2022 年全球 1060 个河口的地表水温数据，并将水变暖速率与当地气温变暖速率进行了比较。地球 47% 的河口正在变暖，全球平均变暖率为每年 0.070 ± 0.004°C−1（中位数 = 0.060°C 年−1）。高纬度地区的河口出现快速变暖。气温每升高1°C，可能导致河口地表水温升高0.81°C，而在60.5°N以上的河口则升高1.3°C。我们根据水和空气变暖的独特全球空间模式推断了河口变暖的潜在影响，并讨论了水温升高对河口代谢和水质的影响。