Cold tolerance is one of the important traits for grapevine, especially in regions with extremely low temperatures in winter. is wild species in the genus with excellent cold hardiness compared with . However, metabolites that contribute to the cold tolerance of remain unknown. Here, the metabolomics of buds from ‘Zuoshan-1’ during cold acclimation (CA) were identified, and cold-sensitive cultivar ( ‘Jingzaojing’) was used as the control. The buds were collected in October, November, and December in 2016 and 2018. The cold hardiness of the buds increased during CA in the two grapevines. However, browning was observed only in buds at temperature below −10 °C. Among detected metabolites from buds, 443 metabolites were overlapped between two years. Forty-four and thirty differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified in and , respectively. Ten DAMs including monoacylglycerol (MAG, 18: 2) isomer 1, trehalose 6-phosphate, and -glucose showed identical variations in the two grapevines, indicating conserved CA responses within the genus. Eighteen DAMs exhibited higher accumulation in than in . Maltotetraose, -glucoronic acid, -aspartic acid, azelaic acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were reported to accumulate during CA in other plants. Enhanced cold tolerance was detected in grapevine leaves with exogenous 5 mmol L-aspartic acid and 1% proanthocyanidins. Potential contributions of other DAMs found in such as Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside need to be further elucidated. Thus, eighteen metabolites accumulated in can be used for practical application in improvement of cold resistance in grapevine. Our findings provide new insights into understanding the cold hardiness of .

中文翻译：

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山葡萄芽耐冷性潜在代谢物的鉴定

耐寒性是葡萄的重要性状之一，尤其是在冬季气温极低的地区。是该属野生品种中较之具有优异抗寒能力的品种。然而，有助于耐冷性的代谢物仍然未知。在这里，对冷驯化（CA）过程中“左山一号”芽的代谢组学进行了鉴定，并以冷敏感品种（“京早晶”）作为对照。 2016年和2018年的10月、11月和12月采芽。CA期间，两株葡萄树的芽的抗寒性有所增强。然而，仅在低于-10°C的温度下在芽中观察到褐变。在芽中检测到的代谢物中，有 443 个代谢物在两年之间重叠。分别在 和 中鉴定出 44 种和 30 种差异累积代谢物 (DAM)。包括单酰基甘油 (MAG, 18:2) 异构体 1、海藻糖 6-磷酸和 β-葡萄糖在内的 10 种 DAM 在两种葡萄藤中表现出相同的变异，表明该属内存在保守的 CA 反应。 18 个 DAM 在 中表现出比 中更高的积累。据报道，麦芽四糖、β-葡萄糖醛酸、β-天冬氨酸、壬二酸和4-羟基苯甲酸在其他植物的CA过程中积累。外源 5 mmol L-天冬氨酸和 1% 原花青素检测到葡萄叶片的耐寒性增强。花青素 3-O-葡萄糖苷等中发现的其他 DAM 的潜在贡献需要进一步阐明。因此，积累的十八种代谢物可用于提高葡萄树的抗寒性的实际应用。我们的研究结果为了解抗寒性提供了新的见解。