Most enzyme modification strategies focus on designing the active sites or their surrounding structures. Interestingly, a large portion of the enzymes (60%) feature active sites located within spacious cavities. Despite recent discoveries, cavity-mediated enzyme engineering remains crucial for enhancing enzyme properties and unraveling folding-unfolding mechanisms. Cavity engineering influences enzyme stability, catalytic activity, specificity, substrate recognition, and docking. This article provides a comprehensive review of various cavity engineering models for enzyme modification, including cavity creation, filling, and reshaping. Additionally, it also discusses feasible tools for geometric analysis, functional assessment, and modification of cavities, and explores potential future research directions in this field. Furthermore, a promising universal modification strategy for cavity engineering that leverages state-of-the-art technologies and methodologies to tailor cavities according to the specific requirements of industrial production conditions is proposed.

中文翻译：

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酶改性中空腔工程的多种模型：创建、填充和重塑

大多数酶修饰策略侧重于设计活性位点或其周围结构。有趣的是，大部分酶（60%）的活性位点位于宽敞的空腔内。尽管最近有发现，空腔介导的酶工程对于增强酶特性和揭示折叠-展开机制仍然至关重要。空腔工程影响酶的稳定性、催化活性、特异性、底物识别和对接。本文全面回顾了酶修饰的各种空腔工程模型，包括空腔创建、填充和重塑。此外，它还讨论了几何分析、功能评估和型腔修改的可行工具，并探索了该领域未来潜在的研究方向。此外，还提出了一种有前途的型腔工程通用修改策略，该策略利用最先进的技术和方法根据工业生产条件的具体要求定制型腔。