In the late nineteenth century, the Chosŏn state, which ruled the Korean peninsula from 1392 to 1910, moved settlers, animals and crops to the isolated oceanic island (do) of Ullŭng, displacing or killing the indigenous people, animals and possibly plant species living there. Having first sent observers to investigate Japanese settler colonialism in Hokkaido, the Chosŏn court accurately replicated its institutions and their impact during its settlement of Ullŭngdo. Documents from the settlement also mention non-Korean islanders uprooted by the state. Their presence shaped these events and the Chosŏn court’s policies, but the nature of their lives is now beyond reconstruction. Although the settlement of Ullŭngdo employed institutions and policies characteristic of settler colonialism, the lack of a self-identifying indigenous people, either at the time or surviving today, complicates the application to this case of the term ‘settler colonialism’. This offers an opportunity to discuss nationalizing settler colonialisms because, unlike the iconic settler colonies of North America and Oceania, settler colonialism in late Chosŏn Korea violently integrated outsiders into the emerging nation.

中文翻译：

---

朝鲜晚期的生态与殖民主义：郁陵岛，1882-1905

19 世纪末，从 1392 年到 1910 年统治朝鲜半岛的朝鲜政权将定居者、动物和农作物转移到了与世隔绝的乌陵岛 (Ullŭng)，驱逐或杀害了当地的土著居民、动物，可能还有植物物种。那里。朝鲜朝廷首先派遣观察员调查日本在北海道的殖民主义，并准确地复制了其在郁陵岛定居期间的制度及其影响。和解文件还提到了被国家驱逐的非韩国岛民。他们的存在影响了这些事件和朝鲜朝廷的政策，但他们生活的本质现在已经无法重建。尽管郁陵岛的定居点采用了定居者殖民主义特征的制度和政策，但由于当时或今天幸存的缺乏自我认同的土著人民，使得“定居者殖民主义”一词在本案中的应用变得复杂化。这提供了一个讨论将定居者殖民主义国有化的机会，因为与北美和大洋洲的标志性定居者殖民地不同，朝鲜晚期的定居者殖民主义暴力地将外来者融入这个新兴国家。