In the late nineteenth century, the Chosŏn state, which ruled the Korean peninsula from 1392 to 1910, moved settlers, animals and crops to the isolated oceanic island (do) of Ullŭng, displacing or killing the indigenous people, animals and possibly plant species living there. Having first sent observers to investigate Japanese settler colonialism in Hokkaido, the Chosŏn court accurately replicated its institutions and their impact during its settlement of Ullŭngdo. Documents from the settlement also mention non-Korean islanders uprooted by the state. Their presence shaped these events and the Chosŏn court’s policies, but the nature of their lives is now beyond reconstruction. Although the settlement of Ullŭngdo employed institutions and policies characteristic of settler colonialism, the lack of a self-identifying indigenous people, either at the time or surviving today, complicates the application to this case of the term ‘settler colonialism’. This offers an opportunity to discuss nationalizing settler colonialisms because, unlike the iconic settler colonies of North America and Oceania, settler colonialism in late Chosŏn Korea violently integrated outsiders into the emerging nation.

中文翻译：

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朝鲜晚期的生态学和殖民主义：乌陵岛，1882-1905 年


19 世纪末，1392 年至 1910 年统治朝鲜半岛的朝鲜王国将定居者、动物和农作物迁移到与世隔绝的海洋岛屿 （do） 乌隆，使生活在那里的土著居民、动物和可能的植物物种流离失所或死亡。Chosŏn 朝廷首先派遣观察员调查日本定居者在北海道的殖民主义，并准确地复制了其在乌陵岛定居期间的制度及其影响。该定居点的文件还提到了被国家连根拔起的非韩国岛民。他们的存在塑造了这些事件和 Chosŏn 朝廷的政策，但他们的生活性质现在已经无法重建。尽管乌伦多的定居点采用了定居者殖民主义特征的制度和政策，但当时或今天幸存的土著人民缺乏自我认同的土著人民，这使得“定居者殖民主义”一词在这种情况上的应用变得复杂。这为讨论定居者殖民主义国有化提供了一个机会，因为与北美和大洋洲的标志性定居者殖民地不同，朝鲜北部晚期的定居者殖民主义将外来者暴力地融入了这个新兴国家。