Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) spend much of their life near the ocean surface where climatic and oceanographic conditions affect their habitat and survival. Despite decades of study, critical knowledge gaps persist regarding their ecology and distributions. Consequently, it has been difficult to assess how environmental conditions influence the high-seas distribution and habitat use of these culturally and socioeconomically important fishes, presenting challenges to fisheries managers trying to evaluate how climate change and fishing activities may impact salmon populations. We used a recently compiled, comprehensive database of historical coastal and high-seas salmon survey data (1953–2022) in the North Pacific to fit species distribution models that (1) characterize the marine spatial distribution of six species of Oncorhynchus, (2) evaluate species-specific temperature preferences, and (3) investigate how species' temperature preferences influence distribution. Sea surface temperature, along with seasonal migrations associated with spawning and feeding, significantly affects the distribution of all species, where the warm limits of estimated preferred thermal ranges were more similar than the cold limits. Furthermore, the distributions of some species appear more responsive to temperature than others and recently observed warm conditions have likely impacted realized ranges. These models have expanded our understanding of salmon ocean distributions and thermal niches by providing a unique window into this often unobserved but important part of the life cycle. They also serve as a baseline for future investigations into the mechanisms influencing salmon spatial ecology, responses to climate change, and vulnerability to harvest across the North Pacific.

中文翻译：

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打开黑匣子：关于温度在太平洋鲑鱼海洋分布中的作用的新见解

太平洋鲑鱼（Oncorhynchus spp.）一生的大部分时间都在海洋表面附近度过，那里的气候和海洋条件影响着它们的栖息地和生存。尽管进行了数十年的研究，但关于其生态和分布的关键知识差距仍然存在。因此，很难评估环境条件如何影响这些具有重要文化和社会经济意义的鱼类的公海分布和栖息地利用，这给试图评估气候变化和捕捞活动如何影响鲑鱼种群的渔业管理者带来了挑战。我们使用最近编制的北太平洋历史沿海和公海鲑鱼调查数据（1953-2022）的综合数据库来拟合物种分布模型，该模型（1）描述了六种大麻哈鱼的海洋空间分布特征，（2）评估物种特定的温度偏好，(3) 研究物种的温度偏好如何影响分布。海面温度以及与产卵和摄食相关的季节性迁徙显着影响所有物种的分布，其中估计的首选温度范围的温暖限制比寒冷限制更相似。此外，某些物种的分布似乎比其他物种对温度更敏感，最近观察到的温暖条件可能影响了实际的范围。这些模型为了解鲑鱼生命周期中经常未被观察到但重要的部分提供了一个独特的窗口，从而扩大了我们对鲑鱼海洋分布和热生态位的理解。它们还可以作为未来研究影响鲑鱼空间生态、气候变化响应以及整个北太平洋捕捞脆弱性的机制的基线。