After a stroke, most patients have dysphagia, which can lead to aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition, and adverse functional outcomes. Protective interventions aimed at reducing these complications remain the cornerstone of treatment. Dietary adjustments and oral hygiene help mitigate the risk of aspiration pneumonia, and nutritional supplementation, including tube feeding, might be needed to prevent malnutrition. Rehabilitative interventions aim to enhance swallowing function, with different behavioural strategies showing promise in small studies. Investigations have explored the use of pharmaceutical agents such as capsaicin and other Transient-Receptor-Potential-Vanilloid-1 (TRPV-1) sensory receptor agonists, which alter sensory perception in the pharynx. Neurostimulation techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and pharyngeal electrical stimulation, might promote neuroplasticity within the sensorimotor swallowing network. Further advancements in the understanding of central and peripheral sensorimotor mechanisms in patients with dysphagia after a stroke, and during their recovery, will contribute to optimising treatment protocols.

中文翻译：

---

中风后吞咽困难：治疗干预的研究进展


中风后，大多数患者出现吞咽困难，这可能导致吸入性肺炎、营养不良和不良功能结果。旨在减少这些并发症的保护性干预措施仍然是治疗的基石。饮食调整和口腔卫生有助于降低吸入性肺炎的风险，可能需要补充营养，包括管饲，以防止营养不良。康复干预旨在增强吞咽功能，不同的行为策略在小型研究中显示出希望。研究探索了辣椒素和其他瞬时受体电位香草酸 1 (TRPV-1) 感觉受体激动剂等药物的使用，这些药物会改变咽部的感觉知觉。神经刺激技术，例如经颅直流电刺激、重复经颅磁刺激和咽部电刺激，可能会促进感觉运动吞咽网络内的神经可塑性。对中风后吞咽困难患者及其康复期间中枢和外周感觉运动机制的进一步了解将有助于优化治疗方案。