This study investigated the effects of varying water stress levels on Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils (EO). Three samples (S1, S2, and S3) were cultivated under different stress levels (40, 60, and 80%). Increased water stress led to changes in primary and secondary metabolites, EO contents, and physical properties. Antioxidant activity varied, with S2 exhibiting the highest IC₅₀ value. In terms of antidiabetic activity, S2 showed robust α-amylase inhibition, while S3 displayed a commendable influence. For α-galactosidase inhibition, S3 had a moderate effect, and S2 stood out with increased efficacy. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed stress-induced changes in major compounds. The study enhances the understanding of plant responses to water stress, with potential applications in antioxidant therapy and diabetes management. The findings emphasize the importance of sustainable water management for optimizing the EO quality in its various uses.

中文翻译：

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不同水分胁迫条件下迷迭香精油的初级和次级代谢产物、物理性质、抗氧化和抗糖尿病活性以及化学成分分析

本研究调查了不同水分胁迫水平对迷迭香精油 (EO)的影响。三个样品（S1、S2 和 S3）在不同的胁迫水平（40%、60% 和 80%）下培养。水分胁迫的增加导致初级和次级代谢物、EO 含量和物理性质的变化。抗氧化活性各不相同，其中 S2 表现出最高的 IC ₅₀值。在抗糖尿病活性方面，S2表现出强大的α-淀粉酶抑制作用，而S3则表现出值得称赞的影响。对于 α-半乳糖苷酶抑制，S3 具有中等效果，而 S2 则具有增强的功效。气相色谱-质谱分析揭示了主要化合物中应力引起的变化。该研究增强了对植物对水分胁迫反应的理解，在抗氧化治疗和糖尿病管理方面具有潜在的应用。研究结果强调了可持续水管理对于优化各种用途的环氧乙烷质量的重要性。