In this article, we focus on gender and class to investigate worktime domestic labour. Methodologically, we extend a novel, comparative critical realist method in which occupation-based and gendered positions in productive and reproductive labour are foregrounded. By building theoretical connections between labour process conditions and collective rule-following practices, we illustrate how inequalities are inscribed organisationally. Our analysis provides a more critical contextualisation of technological affordances to develop the literature on how technology is implicated in the reproduction of social inequality. Moreover, our analysis identifies multi-level causal processes, which combine to explain the presence and actualisation of worktime domestic labour or its absence, which is due, principally, to fear of sanction. For realist researchers interested in diversity-based challenges, absences are important because they can point towards specific discriminatory mechanisms. Our investigation thus revealed a surprising level of class-related in-work inequality within the gendered dynamics of domestic work.

中文翻译：

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“这对他们来说是一条规则，对我们来说也是一条规则”：职业分类、性别和工作时间家庭劳动

在本文中，我们重点关注性别和阶层来调查工作时间的家务劳动。在方法论上，我们扩展了一种新颖的、比较批判现实主义的方法，其中生产和再生产劳动中基于职业和性别的地位是突出的。通过在劳动过程条件和集体遵守规则实践之间建立理论联系，我们说明了不平等是如何在组织上铭记的。我们的分析提供了技术可供性的更重要的背景，以开发有关技术如何与社会不平等的再生产有关的文献。此外，我们的分析确定了多层次的因果过程，这些过程结合起来解释了工作时间家务劳动的存在和实现或不存在，这主要是由于担心受到制裁。对于对基于多样性的挑战感兴趣的现实主义研究人员来说，缺席很重要，因为它们可能指向特定的歧视机制。因此，我们的调查揭示了家庭工作性别动态中与阶级相关的工作不平等程度令人惊讶。