While conventional terrorism has long been associated with enhanced support for surveillance, scholars have not determined whether variation in the type and outcome of terror attacks, including those emanating from cyberspace, influences public support for these policies. Further, existing studies typically examine public opinion in a single country, thereby failing to investigate cross-national trends in support for surveillance. In this article, we outline a theoretical relationship between cyberattacks and support for surveillance measures and then, through survey experiments conducted in the United States, United Kingdom, and Israel, explore whether variation in both the type (conventional or cyberterrorism) and outcome (non-lethal or lethal outcomes) of attacks influences support for a range of surveillance tactics. We find that while participants do not base their support for surveillance on attack type or outcome and do not differentiate between surveillance tactics when formulating their preferences, there are considerable cross-national differences in support. Participants from Israel generally responded more favorably to all forms of surveillance, independent of experimental treatment, with British respondents demonstrating high levels of support for CCTV cameras. American respondents, however, were generally less supportive of surveillance measures across treatments, with the differences being most notable in their relative reluctance to support the use of CCTV cameras. These findings have important implications not only for the sustainability of national policies but also for international collaboration to manage emerging risks.

中文翻译：

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网络恐慌和预防性政策：关于网络攻击对公众对监控支持的影响的跨国证据

虽然传统恐怖主义长期以来一直与加强监视支持联系在一起，但学者们尚未确定恐怖袭击（包括来自网络空间的袭击）的类型和结果的变化是否会影响公众对这些政策的支持。此外，现有研究通常考察单个国家的公众舆论，因此未能调查支持监控的跨国趋势。在本文中，我们概述了网络攻击与对监视措施的支持之间的理论关系，然后通过在美国、英国和以色列进行的调查实验，探讨类型（传统或网络恐怖主义）和结果（非网络恐怖主义）是否存在差异。 - 攻击的致命或致命结果影响对一系列监视策略的支持。我们发现，虽然参与者并不根据攻击类型或结果来支持监视，并且在制定自己的偏好时不区分监视策略，但在支持方面存在相当大的跨国差异。来自以色列的参与者普遍对各种形式的监控（独立于实验性治疗）的反应更为积极，英国受访者对闭路电视摄像机表现出高度支持。然而，美国受访者普遍不太支持各种治疗方法的监控措施，其中最显着的差异是他们相对不愿意支持使用闭路电视摄像机。这些发现不仅对国家政策的可持续性具有重要意义，而且对管理新兴风险的国际合作也具有重要意义。