In her latest book Spying Through a Glass Darkly: The Ethics of Espionage and Counter-Intelligence, Cécile Fabre suggests that the deception of third parties during an infiltration operation can be justified as a foreseen but unintended side effect. In this essay, I criticize this view. Such deception, I argue, is better justified paternalistically as a means of preventing third parties from becoming wrongful threats. In the second part of the article, I show that Fabre ignores an important moral complication in deception operations where agents intentionally allow others to be harmed as a means of protecting a secret. I argue that intentionally allowing harm to others as a means is a particularly problematic mode of agency which must be addressed in a normative account of espionage.

塞西尔·法布尔（Cécile Fabre）在她的最新著作《暗中监视：间谍与反情报的伦理》中指出，渗透行动中对第三方的欺骗可以被视为一种可预见但无意识的副作用。在这篇文章中，我批评了这种观点。我认为，从家长式作风的角度来看，这种欺骗更合理，可以作为防止第三方成为不当威胁的手段。在文章的第二部分中，我表明法布尔忽视了欺骗行动中一个重要的道德并发症，即特工故意允许他人受到伤害，作为保护秘密的手段。我认为，故意允许伤害他人作为一种手段是一种特别有问题的代理模式，必须在间谍活动的规范说明中加以解决。