Nutrient management methods based on ecosystems are crucial for providing agricultural nutrient needs while reducing the environmental impact of fertilizer usage. With increasing agricultural production, the global demand for potassium is increasing, with India importing potassium from countries like Canada, USA, Israel, and Russia. Biomass-fired industries generate biomass ash as a residue so management of the resultant ash is important. Agricultural residue ashes contain abundant potassium so could potentially be used for fertilizer application. This review describes different potassium sources and recovery processes, including chemical precipitation, water extraction, solvent extraction, membrane separation, and ionic exchange. Extraction time, temperature, and solid to solvent ratio affect the recovery of potassium from biomass ash. Water extraction is the most commonly used method for potassium recovery from biomass ash. The environmental impact of potassium fertilizer recovered from biomass ash is less than that of mining source of potash. This paper discusses topics not covered in previous reviews, such as different biosources of potassium, latest recovery methods, and life cycle assessment of these methods. The gaps identified in the reports are addressed, and future research opportunities are presented.

中文翻译：

---

生物钾：来源、回收方法和可持续性评估

基于生态系统的养分管理方法对于满足农业养分需求同时减少化肥使用对环境的影响至关重要。随着农业产量的增加，全球对钾的需求不断增加，印度从加拿大、美国、以色列和俄罗斯等国家进口钾。生物质燃烧工业会产生生物质灰烬作为残留物，因此对所得灰烬的管理非常重要。农业残渣灰烬含有丰富的钾，因此可用于施肥。本综述描述了不同的钾来源和回收过程，包括化学沉淀、水萃取、溶剂萃取、膜分离和离子交换。提取时间、温度和固溶剂比影响从生物质灰中回收钾。水提取是从生物质灰中回收钾最常用的方法。从生物质灰中回收的钾肥对环境的影响小于开采钾肥的环境影响。本文讨论了以前的评论中未涵盖的主题，例如钾的不同生物来源、最新的回收方法以及这些方法的生命周期评估。报告中指出的差距得到了解决，并提出了未来的研究机会。