Infectious diseases are a significant challenge to global healthcare, especially in the face of increasing antibiotic resistance. This urgent issue requires the continuous exploration and development of new antimicrobial drugs. In this regard, the secondary metabolites derived from endophytic microorganisms stand out as promising sources for finding antimicrobials. Endophytic microorganisms, residing within the internal tissues of plants, have demonstrated the capacity to produce diverse bioactive compounds with substantial pharmacological potential. Therefore, numerous new antimicrobial compounds have been isolated from endophytes, particularly from endophytic fungi and actinomycetes. However, only a limited number of these compounds have been subjected to comprehensive studies regarding their mechanisms of action against bacterial cells. Furthermore, the investigation of their effects on antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the identification of biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for synthesizing these secondary metabolites have been conducted for only a subset of these promising compounds. Through a comprehensive analysis of current research findings, this review describes the mechanisms of action of antimicrobial drugs and secondary metabolites isolated from endophytes, antibacterial activities of the natural compounds derived from endophytes against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and biosynthetic gene clusters of endophytic fungi responsible for the synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites.

中文翻译：

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内生微生物天然化合物的抗菌作用机制

传染病是全球医疗保健面临的重大挑战，特别是在抗生素耐药性不断增加的情况下。这一紧迫问题需要不断探索和开发新型抗菌药物。在这方面，源自内生微生物的次生代谢物脱颖而出，成为寻找抗菌药物的有希望的来源。存在于植物内部组织内的内生微生物已被证明能够产生具有巨大药理学潜力的多种生物活性化合物。因此，已经从内生菌，特别是内生真菌和放线菌中分离出许多新的抗菌化合物。然而，只有有限数量的这些化合物对其针对细菌细胞的作用机制进行了全面研究。此外，仅针对这些有希望的化合物的一个子集进行了它们对抗生素抗性细菌的影响的研究以及负责合成这些次生代谢物的生物合成基因簇的鉴定。通过对现有研究结果的综合分析，本文介绍了从内生菌中分离的抗菌药物和次生代谢产物的作用机制、内生菌天然化合物对抗生素耐药细菌的抗菌活性，以及​​负责内生真菌生物合成的基因簇。生物活性次级代谢产物的合成。