Restoration of drained peatlands through rewetting has recently emerged as a prevailing strategy to mitigate excessive greenhouse gas emissions and re-establish the vital carbon sequestration capacity of peatlands. Rewetting can help to restore vegetation communities and biodiversity, while still allowing for extensive agricultural management such as paludiculture. Belowground processes governing carbon fluxes and greenhouse gas dynamics are mediated by a complex network of microbial communities and processes. Our understanding of this complexity and its multi-factorial controls in rewetted peatlands is limited. Here, we summarize the research regarding the role of soil microbial communities and functions in driving carbon and nutrient cycling in rewetted peatlands including the use of molecular biology techniques in understanding biogeochemical processes linked to greenhouse gas fluxes. We emphasize that rapidly advancing molecular biology approaches, such as high-throughput sequencing, are powerful tools helping to elucidate the dynamics of key biogeochemical processes when combined with isotope tracing and greenhouse gas measuring techniques. Insights gained from the gathered studies can help inform efficient monitoring practices for rewetted peatlands and the development of climate-smart restoration and management strategies.

通过再润湿恢复排水的泥炭地最近已成为减少温室气体过度排放和重建泥炭地重要的碳封存能力的流行策略。回湿有助于恢复植被群落和生物多样性，同时仍允许进行广泛的农业管理，例如沼泽养殖。控制碳通量和温室气体动态的地下过程是由微生物群落和过程的复杂网络介导的。我们对这种复杂性及其在再湿泥炭地中的多因素控制的理解是有限的。在这里，我们总结了有关土壤微生物群落在驱动再湿泥炭地碳和养分循环中的作用和功能的研究，包括利用分子生物学技术来理解与温室气体通量相关的生物地球化学过程。我们强调，快速发展的分子生物学方法（例如高通量测序）与同位素示踪和温室气体测量技术相结合，是有助于阐明关键生物地球化学过程动态的强大工具。从收集的研究中获得的见解可以帮助为再湿泥炭地的有效监测实践以及气候智能型恢复和管理战略的制定提供信息。