Cell-to-cell heterogeneity presents challenges across various fields, from biomedicine to bioproduction, where precise cellular responses are vital. While single cell technologies have significantly enhanced our understanding of population heterogeneity, the predominant focus has been on monitoring intracellular compounds. Recognizing the added complexity introduced by the secretion system, in this review, we first provide a systematic overview of the distinct steps necessary for driving protein secretion. We discuss the various sources of noise acting from the synthesized preprotein to the secretory protein released based on a Gram-positive cellular system as a model. We next explore the applicability of single cell technologies for monitoring protein secretion throughout these functional stages. We also emphasize the importance of applying these single cell technologies for monitoring protein secretion during bioproduction.

中文翻译：

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用于监测蛋白质分泌异质性的单细胞技术

细胞间的异质性给从生物医学到生物生产的各个领域带来了挑战，其中精确的细胞反应至关重要。虽然单细胞技术显着增强了我们对群体异质性的理解，但主要重点是监测细胞内化合物。认识到分泌系统带来的额外复杂性，在这篇综述中，我们首先对驱动蛋白质分泌所需的不同步骤进行系统概述。我们讨论了从合成的前蛋白到基于革兰氏阳性细胞系统作为模型释放的分泌蛋白的各种噪声源。接下来，我们探讨单细胞技术在这些功能阶段监测蛋白质分泌的适用性。我们还强调应用这些单细胞技术在生物生产过程中监测蛋白质分泌的重要性。