In bone tissue engineering (TE) and regeneration, miniaturized, (sub)millimeter-sized bone models have become a popular trend since they bring about physiological biomimicry, precise orchestration of concurrent stimuli, and compatibility with high-throughput setups and high-content imaging. They also allow efficient use of cells, reagents, materials, and energy. In this review, we describe the state of the art of miniaturized bone models, or ‘mini-bones’, describing these models based on their characteristics of (multi)cellularity and engineered extracellular matrix (ECM), and elaborating on miniaturization approaches and fabrication techniques. We analyze the performance of ‘mini-bone’ models according to their applications for studying basic bone biology or as regeneration models, disease models, and screening platforms, and provide an outlook on future trends, challenges, and opportunities.

中文翻译：

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迷你骨骼：微型骨骼体外模型


在骨组织工程（TE）和再生领域，微型化、（亚）毫米大小的骨模型已成为一种流行趋势，因为它们带来了生理仿生学、并发刺激的精确编排以及与高通量设置和高内涵成像的兼容性。它们还可以有效利用细胞、试剂、材料和能源。在这篇综述中，我们描述了微型化骨骼模型或“迷你骨骼”的最新技术，根据其（多）细胞性和工程细胞外基质（ECM）的特征描述了这些模型，并详细阐述了微型化方法和制造技术。我们根据“迷你骨”模型在研究基础骨生物学或作为再生模型、疾病模型和筛选平台的应用来分析其性能，并提供对未来趋势、挑战和机遇的展望。