We formulate the lessons Northrop Grumman personnel have learned from their work on development of the James Webb Space Telescope. These lessons are strategic in nature and bear on the common behavior during development of all large complex systems, such as astrophysics missions, also known colloquially as Flagships. To justify the expense, a Flagship must be a large leap in scientific capability, demanding new architectures and technologies coupled with an intolerance to risk. We define “The Problem of Newness” based on our experience and data from Webb’s development. This unseen hand was present during Webb, and it is only in retrospect that we have been able to define it and present it as a lesson for the future. Future missions, Flagships in particular, should recognize the challenge of newness as a natural consequence of development and take steps to minimize its impact.

中文翻译：

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设计一个新的、大型的、复杂的天文台：从我们在詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜上的经验中学习创新的战略教训

我们总结了诺斯罗普·格鲁曼公司人员从詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜开发工作中汲取的经验教训。这些经验教训本质上具有战略意义，并与所有大型复杂系统（例如天体物理任务，俗称旗舰）开发过程中的共同行为有关。为了证明花费是合理的，旗舰必须是科学能力的巨大飞跃，需要新的架构和技术，并且不能容忍风险。我们根据韦伯开发的经验和数据来定义“新颖性问题”。这只看不见的手在韦伯期间就出现了，只有在回顾时我们才能够定义它并将其作为未来的教训。未来的任务，特别是旗舰任务，应该认识到新事物的挑战是发展的自然结果，并采取措施尽量减少其影响。