With the emergence of artificial intelligence, deepfakes have rendered it possible to manipulate anyone’s and anything’s audio-visual representation, adding fuel to the discussion about the believability of what we hear and see in the news. However, we do not know yet whether deepfakes can actually impact (1) the credibility attributed to audio-visual media in general, as well as (2) the perceived self-efficacy to discern between real and fake media. Furthermore, it remains unclear if different deepfake formats can affect citizens to differing degrees. This study employs a 3 × 2 × 2 between-within-subjects experiment ( N = 951) with the between-subjects factor format (audio vs. video vs. 360°-video) and facticity (real vs. fake) and the within-subjects factor reveal (pre vs. post-reveal). We explore what happens after revealing to a sample of German participants that they have been deceived by a deepfake. Our findings show that credibility of media drops across all formats after revealing the stimulus was fake, whereas the control group is not affected. On the other hand, self-efficacy is impacted even for people who were exposed to authentic news media. This shows that deepfakes may have far-reaching societal implications that go beyond deception, whereas modality seems to matter little for such effects.

中文翻译：

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欺骗之后：深度造假如何影响我们观看、聆听和体验媒体的方式

随着人工智能的出现，深度伪造使得操纵任何人和任何事物的视听表现成为可能，从而加剧了有关我们在新闻中听到和看到的可信度的讨论。然而，我们尚不知道深度造假是否真的会影响（1）视听媒体的总体可信度，以及（2）辨别真假媒体的自我效能感。此外，目前尚不清楚不同的深度造假格式是否会对公民产生不同程度的影响。本研究采用 3 × 2 × 2 受试者内实验 ( N = 951)，其中受试者间因素格式（音频 vs. 视频 vs. 360° 视频）和事实性（真实 vs. 假）和内部-主题因素揭示（揭示前与揭示后）。我们探讨了向德国参与者样本透露他们被深度造假欺骗后会发生什么。我们的研究结果表明，在揭露刺激措施是虚假的之后，所有形式的媒体可信度都会下降，而对照组则没有受到影响。另一方面，即使对于那些接触过真实新闻媒体的人来说，自我效能感也会受到影响。这表明深度造假可能具有超越欺骗的深远社会影响，而形式似乎对这种影响影响不大。