For most of human history, free wage labor was uncommon compared to various coercive institutions based on the threat of force. Latin America was no exception to this general rule. A number of scholars argue that past coercive labor institutions explain regional and national divergence within Latin America long after the institutions themselves have disappeared. A review of the literature, however, shows less agreement than is commonly recognized. There is evidence that forced labor on Spanish American mainland collapsed endogenously under its own weight, in which case it may have left few echoes in the present.

中文翻译：

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时间能治愈所有伤口吗？西班牙美洲强迫劳动的兴起、衰落及其长期影响


在人类历史的大部分时间里，与各种基于武力威胁的强制制度相比，自由工资劳动并不常见。拉丁美洲也不例外。许多学者认为，过去的强制劳动制度可以解释拉丁美洲内部的地区和国家差异，而这些制度本身已经消失很久了。然而，对文献的回顾表明，人们的一致意见比普遍认为的要少。有证据表明，西属美洲大陆上的强迫劳动在其自身压力下内生崩溃，在这种情况下，它可能在当下几乎没有留下什么回响。