To modernize public service delivery, U.S. communities increasingly rely on 311 systems for residents to request government services. Research on 311 systems is relatively new, and there is mixed evidence on whether 311 can help bridge the gap between disadvantaged communities and governments. This study draws from research on immigration, race/ethnicity, and differential engagement to explore the link between immigrant concentration and 311 usage. We use longitudinal data on 311 requests in Baltimore City, Maryland (2014–2019) and spatial panel regression analysis to show that neighborhood racial/ethnic structure and the national policy environment can significantly influence whether immigrant concentration is a barrier for 311 service-seeking. Specifically, we find that immigrant concentration reduces 311 requests in high-immigrant neighborhoods with Latino or Black concentration, but not in high-immigrant neighborhoods with White/Asian concentration. We also find that in Latino high-immigrant neighborhoods, the relationship between immigrant concentration and 311 requests appears mainly after 2017, when the federal government adopted hostile immigration policies. By establishing and contextualizing the relationship between immigrant concentration and 311 usage, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of civic participation and the connection between immigrant communities and government.

中文翻译：

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高移民社区在寻求地方政府服务时是否处于不利地位？来自马里兰州巴尔的摩市的证据

为了实现公共服务现代化，美国社区越来越依赖 311 系统来为居民请求政府服务。对 311 系统的研究相对较新，关于 311 是否可以帮助缩小弱势社区和政府之间的差距，证据不一。本研究借鉴了有关移民、种族/族裔和差异参与度的研究，探讨移民集中度与 311 使用之间的联系。我们使用马里兰州巴尔的摩市（2014-2019）的311请求的纵向数据和空间面板回归分析表明，社区种族/族裔结构和国家政策环境可以显着影响移民集中度是否会成为311服务寻求的障碍。具体来说，我们发现，在拉丁裔或黑人集中的高移民社区中，移民集中度减少了 311 请求，但在白人/亚裔集中的高移民社区中，移民集中度却没有减少。我们还发现，在拉丁裔高移民社区，移民集中度与311请求之间的关系主要出现在2017年联邦政府采取敌对移民政策之后。通过建立移民集中度与 311 使用之间的关系并对其进行背景分析，该研究有助于更深入地了解公民参与以及移民社区与政府之间的联系。