In the eighteenth century, ‘ship tracks’, lines recording vessels’ movements on charts, facilitated wayfinding, hydrographical surveys and territorial claims. During the long nineteenth century, however, their main function shifted from surveying of the marine environment to surveillance of officers’ movements and actions. Using textual and cartographical sources produced by British naval officers, this article argues that geosurveillance and the continuous visual tracking of individuals with reference to mapping systems were developed at sea, long before the aerial and digital revolutions, and independently of panoptical models. In the nineteenth century, most cartographical tracking was disciplined self-tracking, actively performed by the surveilled themselves. This required their employers (notably the state) to emphasize honour, training, conscientiousness and procedure. The Admiralty used tracks for testing performance, verifying accounts, establishing responsibilities and co-ordinating movement. Monitoring individuals through their record was the natural inverse of a pattern discussed by historians of science: data verification through authorial ‘credibility’. The two-way bond between the surveilled and their track was eventually broken in the twentieth century by technological innovations that allowed external and non-consensual geo-tracking. This changed the import of surveillance, discipline and the sea itself, no longer a space where human movement would be inevitably lost from sight.

中文翻译：

---

从测量到监视：漫长的十九世纪的海洋制图和海军（自）跟踪

在十八世纪，“船迹”（即在海图上记录船只运动的线条）促进了寻路、水文测量和领土主张。然而，在漫长的十九世纪里，它们的主要功能从调查海洋环境转变为监视军官的行动和行动。本文利用英国海军军官制作的文本和制图资料，认为地理监视和参考地图系统对个人进行连续视觉跟踪早在空中和数字革命之前就在海上发展起来，并且独立于全景光学模型。在十九世纪，大多数地图跟踪都是有纪律的自我跟踪，由被监视者自己积极执行。这要求他们的雇主（特别是国家）强调荣誉、培训、责任心和程序。英国海军部使用轨道来测试表现、核实账目、确定责任和协调行动。通过记录来监控个人是科学史学家所讨论的模式的自然反面：通过作者的“可信度”来验证数据。二十世纪，允许外部和非自愿地理跟踪的技术创新最终打破了被监视者与其追踪者之间的双向联系。这改变了监视、纪律和海洋本身的重要性，不再是一个人类活动不可避免地从视线中消失的空间。